< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰerH-[1]

  1. to pierce
  2. to strike

Extensions
  • *bʰer-dʰ-
    • Proto-Hellenic:

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (pierce)
  • *bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)
  • *bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)[note 1]
    • Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)
      • Albanian: bie, bjej, bjerrë
    • Proto-Italic: *ferjō[2]
      • Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)
    • Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰorH-eh₂yé-ti
    • Proto-Italic: *forāō[3] (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)[note 1]
      • Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰer-ano-
  • *bʰorH-ni-s
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰr̥H-eh₂
    • Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
      • Old High German: bora
  • *bʰr̥H-o-m
    • Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
      • Old English: bor
      • Old Saxon: *bor
        • Middle Low German: bor
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Albanian: *birjā
      • Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)
    • Proto-Albanian: *brima[4]
    • Armenian:
    • >? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)
Notes
  1. De Vaan maintains that the root-final laryngeal was vocalized in Latin, against the controversial *CHY > *CY rule of which he makes no mention. To explain Latin feriō, he suggests that the laryngeal was lost prevocalically in other formations and that the new root *bʰer- was back-formed to those.

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 133–134
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “feriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213: “PIt. *fer-je/o-”
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “forō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 235–236: “PIt. *foraje/o-”
  4. Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

Alternative reconstructions

Root

*bʰerH-[3][4]

  1. brown

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (brown)
  • *bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés[3] (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”)[2])
    • Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *bʰerH-o-s[4][3]
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening[4])
  • *bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s[5] (possibly)
    • ⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)
      • Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”)[6] (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás[7]
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás
        • Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)
          • Ossetian: (“yellow”)
            Digor: бор (bor)
            Iron: бур (bur)
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)
          • Sogdian: (/βōr/, “blonde”)
            Syriac script: ܒܘܪ‎ (βwr)
          • Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)
          • Yidgha: وور‎ (vūr, “pale red”)
          • Baluchi: بور‎ (/bōr/, “bay horse”)
          • Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)
          • Middle Persian: (/bōr/, “reddish-brown, bay [horse]”)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (bwl)
            • Classical Persian: بور‎ (/bōr/, “reddish-brown”)
              Dari: بور‎ (/bōr/)
              Iranian Persian: بور‎ (/būr/, “blonde, brown”)
              Tajik: бӯр (bür)
            • → Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”)
            • Northern Luri: بۊر‎ (bur, “brown”)
    • ⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”)[1][5][8] (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós[9][10])
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959), “5. bher-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 136-137
  2. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*beran-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015), “bėras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87
  5. Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
  6. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*ƀrūnaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
  7. Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*bhrūra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
  8. Derksen, Rick (2015), “bebras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 84-85
  9. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, 2nd edition, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pages 265
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bebura-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-58
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