< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/upári

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *upéri.

Adverb

*upári

  1. above, over

Descendants
  • Central Iranian
    • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌‎ (upairi) [1]
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Khotanese: [script needed] (vīra, “on”) [2]
    • Sogdo-Bactrian: [3]
      • Khwarezmian: پر‎ (pr /par/)
      • Proto-Sogdic:
        • Sogdian: (/par/, “to; on; at; in; for; upon”)
          Manichaean: 𐫛𐫡‎ (pr)
          Sogdian: [script needed] (pr)
          Syriac: ܦܪ‎ (pr)
        • Yagnobi: пар (par)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: پر‎ (pәr, “on; upon; over; above”) (only used as prefix) [4]
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: ابر‎ (abur, “top, up; head, chief”) (perhaps)
    • Kurdish: ("before; over")
      Central Kurdish: به‌ر‎ (bar), وه‌ر‎ (war) (used as prefix)
      Northern Kurdish: ber (bar), wer (war) (used as prefix)
      Southern Kurdish: وه‌ر‎ (war) (used as prefix and single word)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
      • Caspian:
        • Old Mazanderani: بر‎ (bar), ور‎ (war, “in; at; on, upon; up”)
          • Mazanderani: ور‎ (var) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورکشین‎ (var-këšīn, “to take up”) )
        • Gurgani: ور‎ (war, “in; at; on, upon”)
        • Gilaki: وه‎ (vi-, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. ورشت‎ (vi-rišt, “rose up”) ), بٚه‎ (bə, “upon; to; on”)
      • Old Median:
        • Talysh: (/pe-/, “up”) (only used as prefix; e.g. pe-gat (pe-gat, “took up”) in Northern Talysh )
          Arabic: په‎
          Latin: pe
      • Parthian: (/abar/) [5]
        Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭒𐭃𐭌‎ (QDM) (Logogram)
        Manichaean: 𐫀𐫁𐫡‎ (ʾbr)
      • Zaza- Gurani:
        • Gurani: ۋه‌ر‎ (ʋar, “over; on; up”) (only used as prefix)
        • Zazaki: we (wa, “before; over”) (used as prefix)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: 𐎢𐎱𐎼𐎡𐎹 (u-p-r-i-y /upariy/, “prefix and adverb, means "up" or "top" or "upon"”) [6]
      • Middle Persian: (/abar/, “over, super, on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word) [7]
        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (QDM) (Logogram), [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾpl)
        Manichaean: 𐫀𐫁𐫡‎ (ʾbr), 𐫀𐫂𐫡‎ (ʾβr)
        Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭬𐭣𐭬‎ (QDM) (Logogram)
        Psalter Pahlavi: 𐮋𐮃𐮋‎ (QDM) (Logogram)
        Pazend: 𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬭‎ (avar)
        • Classical Persian: ابر‎ (abar), بر‎ (bar), ور‎ (war, “top; on, upon”) (all used as prefix or single word)
          Dari: ابر‎ (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر‎ (bar), ور‎ (war, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
          Iranian Persian: ابر‎ (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), بر‎ (bar), ور‎ (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)
          Tajik: абар (abar, “super-, over-”) (only used as prefix), бар (bar), вар (var, “top; on, upon”) (used as prefix or single word)

References
  1. Bartholomae, Christian (1904), “[//archive.org/stream/altiranischeswr00bartgoog#page/n156.5 upairi]”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
  2. Bailey, H. W. (1979), “vīra”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 433
  3. Gharib, B. (1995), “pr”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 344a
  4. , "پر" at online dictionary (Qamosona); Pashto English Dictionary (Testversion)
  5. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004), “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
  6. Bartholomae, Christian (1904), “[//archive.org/stream/altiranischeswr00bartgoog#page/n156.5 upairi]”, in Altiranisches Wörterbuch [Old Iranian Dictionary] (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner, column 236
  7. Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond (2004), “ʾbr”, in A Dictionary of Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian (Corpus Fontium Manichaeorum; 3.1), Turnhout: Brepols, page 12
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