Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kľuti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

An archaic proto-form of *kolti (“to stab”) +‎ *-uti, reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *kljautei, from Proto-Indo-European *klewh₂-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₂- (“to beat, to stab”). Survives only in Bulgarian and Macedonian. Other languages reflect the doublet *kľьvati, with an identical meaning. Cognate with Lithuanian kliū́ti (“to cleave”) and Latvian kļūt (“to become”).

The surviving descendants exhibit depalatalized root vowel, however, the original was most likely with a soft root vowel, i.e. *kľuti.

Verb

*kľuti impf (perfective *kľunǫti)[1]

to peck, to prickle
to bite

Alternative forms

*kľьvati[2][3]
*kľuvati (inflects in the same way as *kľьvati)

Inflection

Depalatalized variant, reflected in Bulgarian and Macedonian:

Conjugation of *kluti, *klьva, *klьvetь (impf., -a/C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*klьvanьje	*kluti	*klutъ	*klьvalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*klьvanъ	*klьvomъ
Active	*klьvavъ	*klьvy

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*klьvaxъ	*klьva	*klьva	*klьvǫ	*klьveši	*klьvetь
Dual	*klьvaxově	*klьvasta	*klьvaste	*klьvevě	*klьveta	*klьvete
Plural	*klьvaxomъ	*klьvaste	*klьvašę	*klьvemъ	*klьvete	*klьvǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*klьvaaxъ	*klьvaaše	*klьvaaše	—	*klьvi	*klьvi
Dual	*klьvaaxově	*klьvaašeta	*klьvaašete	*klьvěvě	*klьvěta	—
Plural	*klьvaaxomъ	*klьvaašete	*klьvaaxǫ	*klьvěmъ	*klьvěte	—

Later reanalyzed inflection:

Conjugation of *kľьvati, *kľьva, *kľujetь (impf., -a/V-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Suffix: *-ati

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*kľьvanьje	*kľьvati	*kľьvatъ	*kľьvalъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*kľьvanъ	*kľujemъ
Active	*kľьvavъ	*kľuję

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kľьvaxъ	*kľьva	*kľьva	*kľujǫ	*kľuješi	*kľujetь
Dual	*kľьvaxově	*kľьvasta	*kľьvaste	*kľujevě	*kľujeta	*kľujete
Plural	*kľьvaxomъ	*kľьvaste	*kľьvašę	*kľujemъ	*kľujete	*kľujǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*kľьvaaxъ	*kľьvaaše	*kľьvaaše	—	*kľuji	*kľuji
Dual	*kľьvaaxově	*kľьvaašeta	*kľьvaašete	*kľujivě	*kľujita	—
Plural	*kľьvaaxomъ	*kľьvaašete	*kľьvaaxǫ	*kľujimъ	*kľujite	—

Related terms

*kolti (“to stab, to slaugther”)
*koltiti (“to shake”)
*klęti (“to curse”)
*kolъ (“stake”)
*kъlъ, *kъlykъ (“fang, tusk”)

Derived terms

*kleveta (“slander, calumny”)
*klьvačь (“woodpecker”)
*klьvьcь (“pecker, chisel”)
*kľuvъ (“beak”) (in East Slavic)
*kľunъ (“beak”) (in South Slavic)
*kľusa (“trap”)
*kľučь (“key”)
*kľuka (“gossip”)
*klupa (“bench”)
*kľuta (“lump, clod”)

Descendants

From *kluti:

South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: кълва́ (kǎlvá)
- Macedonian: колва (kolva)

From *kľьvati:

East Slavic:
- Russian: клева́ть (klevátʹ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: кльвати (klĭvati)
  - Bulgarian: клю́вам (kljúvam) (dialectal)
- Slovene: kljeváti (archaic)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: klvati
  - Czech: klíti
- Polish: klwać (dialectal)

From *kľuvati:

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: клюва́ць (kljuvácʹ)
- Ukrainian: клюва́ти (kljuváty)
South Slavic:
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: кљу̏вати
  
  Latin: kljȕvati
- Slovene: kljuváti (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Polish: kłuć (only the infinitive reflects *kluti, inflects as *kľuvati); Polish: kluć
- Slovak: kľuvať
- Sorbian:
  Upper Sorbian: kluwać
  
  Lower Sorbian: kluwaś

References

Olander, Thomas (2001), “kljuti: kljьvǫ kljьvetь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “?c (SA 207)”
Snoj, Marko (2016), “kljuváti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*kl'ьva̋ti, sed. *kl'ȗjǫ”
Olander, Thomas (2001), “kljьvati: kljujǫ kljujetь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 207, 236; PR 139)”

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[1] Olander, Thomas (2001), “kljuti: kljьvǫ kljьvetь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “?c (SA 207)”

[2] Snoj, Marko (2016), “kljuváti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “*kl'ьva̋ti, sed. *kl'ȗjǫ”

[3] Olander, Thomas (2001), “kljьvati: kljujǫ kljujetь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 207, 236; PR 139)”