< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xala
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
Per Snoj and Trubačev, from Proto-Indo-European *ksōleh₂, *ksōlyeh₂, perhaps an action/resultant noun of *xalati (“to wear out, to rag”) + *-a or substantivized from the l-participle of Proto-Slavic *xati (“to stagger, to reel; to be concerned”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to mow”). Trubačev further identifies this term with Etymology 2.
Alternative forms
- *xalь (i-stem), *xaľa (jā-stem, in South Slavic)
Declension
Declension of *xala (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *xala | *xàlě | *xàly |
| Accusative | *xàlǫ | *xàlě | *xàly |
| Genitive | *xàly | *xàlu | *xàlъ |
| Locative | *xàlě | *xàlu | *xàlasъ, *xàlaxъ* |
| Dative | *xàlě | *xàlama | *xàlamъ |
| Instrumental | *xàlojǫ, *xàlǭ** | *xàlama | *xàlamī |
| Vocative | *xàlo | *xàlě | *xàly |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *xalina, *xalica, *xalъka
- >? *xalǫga, *xaliga (“scrub, hedge, bundle”)
- >? *xalupa (“cottage”)
Related terms
- *xalъkъ, *xalovъ (“crummy, scrubby, intrusive; insolent, quarrelsome (for person)”)
- *naxalъ, *xalujь (“insolent person”)
- >? *xalъda (“bounder, slob”)
- >? *xalostь (“vanity, futility”)
- *xalavъ, *xalovitъ (“avid, insatiable”) (possibly)
- *xoliti (“to purify, to tend, to indulge”) (possibly)
Descendants
- East Slavic
- Belarusian: халь f (xalʹ, “rag”)
- Russian: хальё (xalʹjó, “old dress”) (dialectal)
- ⇒ Russian: хал (xal), ха́ловщина (xálovščina, “junk, worthless stuff”)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “хал”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*xala/*xalъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 12
References
- Snoj, Marko (2016), “halja”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar3 (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *xa̋la, *xa̋l'a”
Etymology 2
Unclear. Several proposed etymologies exist:
- Based on sense “hail, blizzard, tempest”:
- Borrowed origin: According to Iv. Georgieva[1], from some dialectal form of Ancient Greek χάλαζα (khálaza, “hail”), likely cognate with Proto-Slavic *želdъ (“sleet”).
- Native grammatical origin: Per Brückner, related to *xalěpa (“bad weather”) (of disputed origin), *xoľavъ (“murky, muddy”). Possibly akin to Etymology 1 + Proto-Slavic *xoliti (“to indulge, to behave”) and further to Lithuanian skaláuti (“to rinse”).
- Based on sense “typhon, calamity”:
- Native or borrowed expressive origin: Per M. Bjeletić[2], from *xaliti, *xalěti (“to bash, to strike”) + *-a or from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō, “to wreck havoc, to slacken”) (whence Bulgarian хало́сам (halósam, “to smack”)).
- Onomatopoeic origin: Per Iljinsky, possibly akin to semi-onomatopoeic *šalъ (“intemperate, naughty”), *šaliti (“to play pranks, to infuriate”). Favoured by Trubačev and Meljničuk (ESSJa).
- Substantivized origin: Perhaps from a substantivization of *xalavъ (“insatiable, gluttonous”), *xalъkъ (“insolent”), related to the above hypothesis.
- Based on sense “dragon” in Serbian and Macedonian:
- Recent borrowing from Ottoman Turkish: According to early Serbo-Croatian philologists[3], South Slavic term has developed from Ottoman Turkish آلا (ala, “spotted, variegated”), euphemistic for ییلان (yılan, “snake”)[4]. Correspondances in other branches are presumably coincidental. Disputed on phonetical basis by Trubačev, Brückner, and some Serbo-Croatian linguists[5].
Skok does not exclude contamination of various sources.
Noun
*xala f[2]
Declension
Declension of *xala (hard a-stem)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *xala | *xalě | *xaly |
| Accusative | *xalǫ | *xalě | *xaly |
| Genitive | *xaly | *xalu | *xalъ |
| Locative | *xalě | *xalu | *xalasъ, *xalaxъ* |
| Dative | *xalě | *xalama | *xalamъ |
| Instrumental | *xalojǫ, *xalǫ** | *xalama | *xalami |
| Vocative | *xalo | *xalě | *xaly |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *xalętina, *xališče, *xalina (augmentative)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- ⇒ Russian: халаве́й (xalavéj, “gale, high wind; fig. empty-headed person”) (dialectal) (< *xala + *vějь)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- >? Czech: chala, ochala (“tall man, giant”) (dialectal)
- >? Slovincian: χała (“large creature”)
- Non-Slavic:
- → Romanian: hală (“mythical being, monster”) (regional)
References
- Георгиева, Иваничка (1993) Българска народна митология (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Наука и изкуство, page 119
- Bjeletić, Marta (2004), “Јужнословенска лексика у балканском контексту. Лексичка породица именице хала”, in Balcanica (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 34, →ISSN, pages 143–146
- Knežević, Anton (1961), “Die Turzismen in der Sprache der Kroaten und Serben”, in Slavisch-Baltisches Seminar der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster (Westf.), volume 3
- Knüppel, Michael (2009), “Zu serbo-kroatisch hȁla ∼ ȁla ‘Drache’”, in Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch (in German), volume 55, pages 179–183
- Radenković, Ljubinko (1996), “Митска бића српског народа: (Х)АЛА”, in Liceum 2, pages 11-16
Further reading
- Skok, Petar (1971) Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (in Serbo-Croatian), volume 1, Zagreb: JAZU, page 650
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