kova

See also: Kova, kõva, and kóva

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -oʋɑ
  • Syllabification(key): ko‧va

Adjective

kova (comparative kovempi, superlative kovin)

  1. hard (of an object, resistant to pressure)
    Antonym: pehmeä
    1. strict, harsh, severe, unfriendly, hard, stern, brutal (of behavior or character)
      Synonym: ankara
      Antonyms: pehmeä, lempeä
    2. tough (rowdy or rough)
      Hän on kova kaveri.
      He is a tough guy.
    3. tough, hard (demanding a lot of effort to endure)
    4. (physics, ferromagnetism) hard (of material: having the capability of being a permanent magnet)
    5. (of water) hard (high on dissolved calcium and other minerals)
    6. (phonetics) hard, unvoiced (pronounced without using the vocal cords)
    7. (of light) harsh, hard (intensive and creating disagreeable and abrupt contrasts in colour or shading)
    8. (vulgar, of a man) hard, aroused; erect
  2. strong, hard, heavy, severe (having a high impact or influence)
    Antonym: (of wind) heikko
    Minulla on kova jano.
    I'm very thirsty.
    1. loud (of sound: of great intensity)
      Synonyms: luja, kovaääninen, äänekäs
      Antonym: hiljainen
      Radio on liian kovalla.
      The radio is too loud.
    2. live (of ammunition)
      Tappaja väitti, että hän ei tiennyt aseen olevan ladattu kovilla panoksilla.
      The killer claimed that he didn't know that the weapon was loaded with live rounds.
    3. (finance) unregulated, market-rate, unsubsidized, hard
      Synonyms: (unsubsidized) vapaarahoitteinen, (market-based) markkinaehtoinen
      kova valuutta ― hard currency (globally traded currency that is expected to serve as a reliable and stable store of value)
      kova raha ― unsubsidized financing (especially as opposite to aravalaina (“type of subsidized loan for social housing”))
    4. (pornography) hard, hardcore
      kova porno ― hardcore pornography
  3. high, great, ambitious, remarkable
    kova kysyntä ― great demand
    Pidän ilmapiiristä, mutta heidän hintansa ovat aika kovat.
    I like the atmosphere, but their prices are quite high.
    Heillä on kovat suunnitelmat - ensin valloitetaan Pohjoismaiden markkinat, sitten koko maailma.
    They have ambitious plans – first the Nordic market, then the whole world. / They have ambitious plans to first conquer the Nordic market and then the whole world.
    1. excellent, great, well-known
      Synonyms: erinomainen, mainio
      Alle kaksi tuntia on kova aika maratonilla.
      Less than two hours is an excellent time on a marathon.
      Niin, mutta olenkin kovassa kunnossa. Olen kova nimi urheilupiireissä.
      Yes, but I'm in a great shape. I'm a well-known name in the sports circles.
    2. eager, devoted
      Hän on kova kalamies.
      He's an eager fisherman.
      Hän on kova Kärppä-fani.
      He's a devoted fan of the Kärpät.
    3. hard, hardworking
      Hän on kova työmies.
      He's a hard worker.

Declension
Inflection of kova (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative kova kovat
genitive kovan kovien
partitive kovaa kovia
illative kovaan koviin
singular plural
nominative kova kovat
accusative nom. kova kovat
gen. kovan
genitive kovan kovien
kovainrare
partitive kovaa kovia
inessive kovassa kovissa
elative kovasta kovista
illative kovaan koviin
adessive kovalla kovilla
ablative kovalta kovilta
allative kovalle koville
essive kovana kovina
translative kovaksi koviksi
instructive — kovin
abessive kovatta kovitta
comitative — kovine
Possessive forms of kova (type koira)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative kovani kovani
accusative nom. kovani kovani
gen. kovani
genitive kovani kovieni
kovainirare
partitive kovaani koviani
inessive kovassani kovissani
elative kovastani kovistani
illative kovaani koviini
adessive kovallani kovillani
ablative kovaltani koviltani
allative kovalleni kovilleni
essive kovanani kovinani
translative kovakseni kovikseni
instructive — —
abessive kovattani kovittani
comitative — kovineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative kovasi kovasi
accusative nom. kovasi kovasi
gen. kovasi
genitive kovasi koviesi
kovaisirare
partitive kovaasi koviasi
inessive kovassasi kovissasi
elative kovastasi kovistasi
illative kovaasi koviisi
adessive kovallasi kovillasi
ablative kovaltasi koviltasi
allative kovallesi kovillesi
essive kovanasi kovinasi
translative kovaksesi koviksesi
instructive — —
abessive kovattasi kovittasi
comitative — kovinesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative kovamme kovamme
accusative nom. kovamme kovamme
gen. kovamme
genitive kovamme koviemme
kovaimmerare
partitive kovaamme koviamme
inessive kovassamme kovissamme
elative kovastamme kovistamme
illative kovaamme koviimme
adessive kovallamme kovillamme
ablative kovaltamme koviltamme
allative kovallemme kovillemme
essive kovanamme kovinamme
translative kovaksemme koviksemme
instructive — —
abessive kovattamme kovittamme
comitative — kovinemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative kovanne kovanne
accusative nom. kovanne kovanne
gen. kovanne
genitive kovanne kovienne
kovainnerare
partitive kovaanne kovianne
inessive kovassanne kovissanne
elative kovastanne kovistanne
illative kovaanne koviinne
adessive kovallanne kovillanne
ablative kovaltanne koviltanne
allative kovallenne kovillenne
essive kovananne kovinanne
translative kovaksenne koviksenne
instructive — —
abessive kovattanne kovittanne
comitative — kovinenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative kovansa kovansa
accusative nom. kovansa kovansa
gen. kovansa
genitive kovansa koviensa
kovainsarare
partitive kovaansa koviaan
koviansa
inessive kovassaan
kovassansa		 kovissaan
kovissansa
elative kovastaan
kovastansa		 kovistaan
kovistansa
illative kovaansa koviinsa
adessive kovallaan
kovallansa		 kovillaan
kovillansa
ablative kovaltaan
kovaltansa		 koviltaan
koviltansa
allative kovalleen
kovallensa		 kovilleen
kovillensa
essive kovanaan
kovanansa		 kovinaan
kovinansa
translative kovakseen
kovaksensa		 kovikseen
koviksensa
instructive — —
abessive kovattaan
kovattansa		 kovittaan
kovittansa
comitative — kovineen
kovinensa

Derived terms

Compounds
compounds

Anagrams

Hungarian

Etymology

From an otherwise unattested stem + -a (diminutive suffix).[1]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈkovɒ]
  • Hyphenation: ko‧va
  • Rhymes: -vɒ

Noun

kova (plural kovák)

  1. flint

Declension
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
singular plural
nominative kova kovák
accusative kovát kovákat
dative kovának kováknak
instrumental kovával kovákkal
causal-final kováért kovákért
translative kovává kovákká
terminative kováig kovákig
essive-formal kovaként kovákként
essive-modal — —
inessive kovában kovákban
superessive kován kovákon
adessive kovánál kováknál
illative kovába kovákba
sublative kovára kovákra
allative kovához kovákhoz
elative kovából kovákból
delative kováról kovákról
ablative kovától kováktól
non-attributive
possessive - singular		 kováé kováké
non-attributive
possessive - plural		 kováéi kovákéi
Possessive forms of kova
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. kovám kováim
2nd person sing. kovád kováid
3rd person sing. kovája kovái
1st person plural kovánk kováink
2nd person plural kovátok kováitok
3rd person plural kovájuk kováik

References
  1. kova in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Further reading
  • kova in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova. Cognates include Finnish kova and Estonian kõva.

Pronunciation
  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkoʋɑ/, [ˈko̞ʋɑ]
  • Rhymes: -oʋɑ
  • Hyphenation: ko‧va

Adjective

kova (comparative kovemp)

  1. hard
    • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 12:
      A kalastajat - koko talvia merel ollaa, ja pakkaist kittäät, etti jään kovanna pittää.
      And the fishermen - they are on the sea all winter, and thank the frost, that it keeps the ice hard.
  2. harsh
    • 18th century, “Kui tulloo syvä syksy [When late autumn comes]”:
      Kui tulloo syvä syksy, kova talvi tallajaa.
      When late autumn comes, the harsh winter sets in.
  3. strong, sturdy

Declension
Declension of kova (type 3/koira, no gradation, gemination)
singular plural
nominative kova kovat
genitive kovan kovviin
partitive kovvaa kovvia
illative kovvaa kovvii
inessive kovas kovis
elative kovast kovist
allative kovalle koville
adessive koval kovil
ablative kovalt kovilt
translative kovaks koviks
essive kovanna, kovvaan kovinna, kovviin
exessive1) kovant kovint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

References
  • V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 59
  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 199
  • Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 72

Karelian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

Adjective

kova

  1. hard

Kilivila

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈkova/

Noun

kova

  1. fire

References
  • Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 291. →ISBN

Lithuanian

Etymology

Pronunciation
  • (kovà) IPA(key): [koːˈvɐ]
  • (kõva) IPA(key): [ˈkǒːvɐ]

Noun

kovà f (plural kõvos) stress pattern 4 [2]

  1. fight, struggle

Declension
declension of kova
singular (vienaskaita) plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) kovà kõvos
genitive (kilmininkas) kovõs kovų̃
dative (naudininkas) kõvai kovóms
accusative (galininkas) kõvą kovàs
instrumental (įnagininkas) kovà kovomìs
locative (vietininkas) kovojè kovosè
vocative (šauksmininkas) kõva kõvos

Synonyms

Derived terms
  • (noun) dvikova f
  • (verb) kovoti
  • (verb) kauti

See also
  • rungtynės f pl, varžybos f pl

References
  1. Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “kuć”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, page 279
  2. “kova” in Balčikonis, Juozas et al. (1954), Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas. Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla.
  • “kova” in Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

Ludian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

Adjective

kova

  1. hard

Swedish

Etymology

Borrowed from Finnish kova, from expressions like kova raha (“hard money”).

Noun

kova c

  1. (informal) money

Usage notes

Only as part of compounds and certain expressions.

Declension
Declension of kova 
Uncountable
Indefinite Definite
Nominative kova kovan — —
Genitive kovas kovans — —

Derived terms

References

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish قوغه‎ (koğa. kova), from Proto-Turkic *kobga. Cognate to Southern Altai кого (kogo).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈkovɑ]
  • Hyphenation: ko‧va

Noun

kova (definite accusative kovayı, plural kovalar)

  1. bucket

Declension
Inflection
Nominative kova
Definite accusative kovayı
Singular Plural
Nominative kova kovalar
Definite accusative kovayı kovaları
Dative kovaya kovalara
Locative kovada kovalarda
Ablative kovadan kovalardan
Genitive kovanın kovaların

Veps

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kova.

Adjective

kova

  1. hard (not soft)
  2. solid
  3. stiff, rigid
  4. strong
  5. strict, stern
  6. harsh, severe

Inflection
Inflection of kova (inflection type 6/kuva)
nominative sing. kova
genitive sing. kovan
partitive sing. kovad
partitive plur. kovid
singular plural
nominative kova kovad
accusative kovan kovad
genitive kovan koviden
partitive kovad kovid
essive-instructive kovan kovin
translative kovaks kovikš
inessive kovas koviš
elative kovaspäi kovišpäi
illative kovaha kovihe
adessive koval kovil
ablative kovalpäi kovilpäi
allative kovale kovile
abessive kovata kovita
comitative kovanke kovidenke
prolative kovadme kovidme
approximative I kovanno kovidenno
approximative II kovannoks kovidennoks
egressive kovannopäi kovidennopäi
terminative I kovahasai kovihesai
terminative II kovalesai kovilesai
terminative III kovassai —
additive I kovahapäi kovihepäi
additive II kovalepäi kovilepäi

References
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