polir

Catalan

Etymology

From Latin polīre, present active infinitive of poliō.

Pronunciation

Verb

polir (first-person singular present poleixo, past participle polit)

  1. to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
  2. to refine; remove imperfections

Conjugation
Conjugation of polir (third conjugation with -eix- infix)
infinitive polir
present participle polint
past participle masculine feminine
singular polit polida
plural polits polides
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu ell/ella
vostè		 nosaltres
nós		 vosaltres
vós		 ells/elles
vostès
present poleixo poleixes poleix polim poliu poleixen
imperfect polia polies polia políem políeu polien
future poliré poliràs polirà polirem polireu poliran
preterite polí polires polí polírem políreu poliren
conditional poliria poliries poliria poliríem poliríeu polirien
subjunctive jo tu ell/ella
vostè		 nosaltres
nós		 vosaltres
vós		 ells/elles
vostès
present poleixi poleixis poleixi polim poliu poleixin
imperfect polís polissis polís políssim políssiu polissin
imperative — tu vostè nosaltres vosaltres
vós		 vostès
— poleix poleixi polim poliu poleixin

Derived terms

Further reading

French

Etymology

From Latin polīre, present active infinitive of poliō (“I polish”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /pɔ.liʁ/
  • audio(file)

Verb

polir

  1. to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
  2. to refine; remove imperfections

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of polir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple polir
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple polissant
/pɔ.li.sɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle poli
/pɔ.li/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present polis
/pɔ.li/		 polis
/pɔ.li/		 polit
/pɔ.li/		 polissons
/pɔ.li.sɔ̃/		 polissez
/pɔ.li.se/		 polissent
/pɔ.lis/
imperfect polissais
/pɔ.li.sɛ/		 polissais
/pɔ.li.sɛ/		 polissait
/pɔ.li.sɛ/		 polissions
/pɔ.li.sjɔ̃/		 polissiez
/pɔ.li.sje/		 polissaient
/pɔ.li.sɛ/
past historic2 polis
/pɔ.li/		 polis
/pɔ.li/		 polit
/pɔ.li/		 polîmes
/pɔ.lim/		 polîtes
/pɔ.lit/		 polirent
/pɔ.liʁ/
future polirai
/pɔ.li.ʁe/		 poliras
/pɔ.li.ʁa/		 polira
/pɔ.li.ʁa/		 polirons
/pɔ.li.ʁɔ̃/		 polirez
/pɔ.li.ʁe/		 poliront
/pɔ.li.ʁɔ̃/
conditional polirais
/pɔ.li.ʁɛ/		 polirais
/pɔ.li.ʁɛ/		 polirait
/pɔ.li.ʁɛ/		 polirions
/pɔ.li.ʁjɔ̃/		 poliriez
/pɔ.li.ʁje/		 poliraient
/pɔ.li.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present polisse
/pɔ.lis/		 polisses
/pɔ.lis/		 polisse
/pɔ.lis/		 polissions
/pɔ.li.sjɔ̃/		 polissiez
/pɔ.li.sje/		 polissent
/pɔ.lis/
imperfect2 polisse
/pɔ.lis/		 polisses
/pɔ.lis/		 polît
/pɔ.li/		 polissions
/pɔ.li.sjɔ̃/		 polissiez
/pɔ.li.sje/		 polissent
/pɔ.lis/
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — polis
/pɔ.li/		 — polissons
/pɔ.li.sɔ̃/		 polissez
/pɔ.li.se/		 —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Descendants
  • → German: polieren

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin polīre (“to polish”).

Pronunciation
 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(h)]
    • (São Paulo) IPA(key): /poˈli(ɾ)/
    • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /poˈli(ʁ)/ [poˈli(χ)]
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /poˈli(ɻ)/

  • (Caipira) IPA(key): /po.ˈli(ɹ)/
  • (Northeastern) IPA(key): /pɔ.ˈli(h)/, /pu.ˈli(h)/
  • Hyphenation: po‧lir

Verb

polir (first-person singular present pulo, third-person singular present pule, first-person singular preterite poli, past participle polido)

  1. to polish; to shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding (often polish up)
  2. to refine; remove imperfections

Conjugation
    Conjugation of polir (o becomes u when stressed) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(tu)		 Third-person
(ele / ela / você)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal polir
Personal polir polires polir polirmos polirdes polirem
Gerund
polindo
Past participle
Masculine polido polidos
Feminine polida polidas
Indicative
Present pulo pules pule polimos polis pulem
Imperfect polia polias polia políamos políeis poliam
Preterite poli poliste poliu polimos polistes poliram
Pluperfect polira poliras polira políramos políreis poliram
Future polirei polirás polirá poliremos polireis polirão
Conditional
poliria polirias poliria poliríamos poliríeis poliriam
Subjunctive
Present pula pulas pula pulamos pulais pulam
Imperfect polisse polisses polisse políssemos polísseis polissem
Future polir polires polir polirmos polirdes polirem
Imperative
Affirmative pule pula pulamos poli pulam
Negative (não) não pulas não pula não pulamos não pulais não pulam

Further reading
  • “polir” in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa.

Spanish

Verb

polir (first-person singular present polo, first-person singular preterite polí, past participle polido)

  1. Obsolete form of pulir.

Conjugation
    Conjugation of polir (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive polir
gerund poliendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular polido polida
plural polidos polidas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present polo polestú
polísvos		 pole polimos polís polen
imperfect polía polías polía políamos políais polían
preterite polí poliste polió polimos polisteis polieron
future poliré polirás polirá poliremos poliréis polirán
conditional poliría polirías poliría poliríamos poliríais polirían
subjunctive yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present pola polastú
polásvos2		 pola polamos poláis polan
imperfect
(ra)		 poliera polieras poliera poliéramos polierais polieran
imperfect
(se)		 poliese polieses poliese poliésemos polieseis poliesen
future1 poliere polieres poliere poliéremos poliereis polieren
imperative — tú
vos		 usted nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ustedes
affirmative poletú
polívos		 pola polamos polid polan
negative no polas no pola no polamos no poláis no polan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

Further reading
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