閩

See also: 闽

閩	U+95A9, 閩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95A9

← 閨
[U+95A8]

CJK Unified Ideographs

閪 →
[U+95AA]

Translingual

Han character

閩 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日弓中一戈 (ANLMI), four-corner 7713₆, composition ⿵門虫)

Derived characters

𤁝

Related characters

闽 (Simplified Chinese)

References

KangXi: page 1335, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41315
Dae Jaweon: page 1841, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4295, character 9
Unihan data for U+95A9

Chinese

trad.		閩
simp.		闽
alternative forms		𨷷

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蔄	roːs, mruːns
闅	min, mrɯn, *mɯn
閩	mrɯn, mɯn
蕄	mɯːŋ, mrɯːŋ
門	*mɯːn
捫	*mɯːn
悶	*mɯːns
聞	mɯn, mɯns
閿	*mɯn
問	*mɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn) : phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).

Etymology

Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.

In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC mˠiɪn^X) (Li, 2017).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): mǐn, mín

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˇ, ㄇㄧㄣˊ

(Chengdu, SP): min³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man⁵, man⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): man³
Gan (Wiktionary): min³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): mén

(Meixian, Guangdong): men²
Jin (Wiktionary): ming²
Min Bei (KCR): mâing
Min Dong (BUC): mìng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bân / bîn

(Teochew, Peng'im): mang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³min
Xiang (Wiktionary): min²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mǐn
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mǐn
  - Wade–Giles: min³
  - Yale: mǐn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: miin
  - Palladius: минь (minʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /min²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mín
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mín
  - Wade–Giles: min²
  - Yale: mín
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: min
  - Palladius: минь (minʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /min³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: min³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: min
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /min⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: man⁵, man⁴
  - Yale: máhn, màhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: man⁵, man⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: men⁵, men⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn¹³/, /mɐn²¹/

Note: man4 - uncommon.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: man³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐban²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: min³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /min²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mén
  - Hakka Romanization System: men`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: men³
  - Sinological IPA: /men³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: men²
  - Sinological IPA: /mən¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ming²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /mĩŋ⁵³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mâing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /maiŋ³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bân
  - Tâi-lô: bân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: baan
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ban²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ban²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ban¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn
  - Tâi-lô: bîn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: biin
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /bin²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³/

Note:

bân - vernacular;
bîn - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: mang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /maŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³min
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɪɲ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: min²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /min¹³/

Middle Chinese: /mˠiɪn/, /mɨun/

Rime
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	眞 (44)	文 (59)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	武巾切	無分切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠiɪn/	/mɨun/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚin/	/miun/
Shao Rongfen	/mien/	/miuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mjin/	/mun/
Li Rong	/mjĕn/	/miuən/
Wang Li	/mǐĕn/	/mĭuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/mi̯uən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	wén
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man⁴	man⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mrə[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*mrɯn/, /*mɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	閩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mǐn
Middle Chinese	‹ min ›
Old Chinese	/*mrə[n]/
English	southern tribes
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	閩	閩
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	8956	8966
Phonetic component	門	門
Rime group	文	文
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	珉	文
Old Chinese	/*mrɯn/	/*mɯn/

Definitions

閩

(historical) Min people (ancient ethnic group)
(～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)
Fujian
閩南／闽南 ― mǐnnán ― southern Fujian
(～語, ～方言) Min languages
a surname

Compounds

七閩／七闽
八閩／八闽 (Bāmǐn)
洛閩／洛闽
洛閩之學／洛闽之学
濂洛關閩／濂洛关闽
閩中／闽中
閩中十子／闽中十子
閩中話／闽中话
閩中語／闽中语 (mǐnzhōngyǔ)
閩侯／闽侯 (Mǐnhòu)
閩劇／闽剧 (mǐnjù)
閩北／闽北 (Mǐnběi)
閩北話／闽北话
閩北語／闽北语 (mǐnběiyǔ)

閩南／闽南 (Mǐnnán)
閩南話／闽南话 (mǐnnánhuà)
閩南語／闽南语 (mǐnnányǔ)
閩學／闽学
閩寧／闽宁 (Mǐnníng)
閩嶠／闽峤
閩嶺／闽岭
閩川／闽川
閩徼／闽徼
閩本／闽本
閩東／闽东 (Mǐndōng)
閩東話／闽东话
閩東語／闽东语 (mǐndōngyǔ)
閩江／闽江 (Mǐn Jiāng)

閩洛／闽洛
閩派／闽派
閩海／闽海
閩清／闽清 (Mǐnqīng)
閩粵／闽粤
閩荒／闽荒
閩虻／闽虻
閩蚋／闽蚋
閩西／闽西 (Mǐnxī)
閩語／闽语 (mǐnyǔ)
閩越／闽越 (Mǐnyuè)
閩關／闽关
閩隸／闽隶

Japanese

Kanji

閩

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings

Go-on: まん (man); みん (min); もん (mon)
Kan-on: ばん (ban); びん (bin); ぶん (bun)

Compounds

閩越(びんえつ) (Bin'etsu): Minyue
閩江(びんこう) (Binkō)
閩南語(びんなんご) (Binnango): Min Nan
洛閩(らくびん)の学(がく) (rakubin no gaku)
濂洛関閩(れんらくかんびん)の学(がく) (renrakukanbin no gaku)

Korean

Hanja

閩 • (min) (hangeul 민, revised min, McCune–Reischauer min, Yale min)

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Vietnamese

Han character

閩: Hán Nôm readings: mân

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