凌

凌 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一土金水 (IMGCE), four-corner 3414₇, composition ⿰冫夌)

• 蓤

• KangXi: page 132, character 45
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1669
• Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 3
• Unihan data for U+51CC
• Unihan data for U+F955

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ).

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT).

Insides Sinitic, 凌 (OC *p.rəŋ ~ [r]əŋ) is cognate with 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ), 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", 霙 (OC *qraŋ, “*ʔraŋ”) "snowflake, sleet", & possibly also 凝 (OC [ŋ](r)əŋ) "to congeal" (STEDT; Baxter and Sagart, 2014);

Outsides Sinitic, cognate with Proto-Tani *pam (“snow”), Japhug jpɣom (“to freeze”), tɤjpɣom (“ice”) (STEDT; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).

Alternatively, 冰 (OC *prjəŋ ~ prəŋ?) and 凌 (OC *b-rjəŋ ~ rəŋ) may be related to Old Khmer ប្រិង៑ (“to harden; to solidify”) from រិង៑ (“to dry up”), although the meanings are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007).

凌

1. ice
2. to rise high; to go up; to climb over; to traverse

   alt. forms: 陵 (líng)

3. to place oneself above; to override; to transgress

   alt. forms: 陵 (líng)

4. to ride (wind, etc.)
5. to bully and humiliate; to insult; to encroach on; to invade

   alt. forms: 陵 (líng)

6. to risk; to brave
7. to approach; to draw near; to close in on
8. to tremble
9. disorderly; messy
10. a surname

    凌濛初  ―  Líng Méngchū  ―  Ling Mengchu (Ming dynasty Chinese writer)

凌

1. ^† to freeze up; to form ice

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. endure
2. keep (rain) out
3. stave off
4. tide over
5. defy
6. slight
7. surpass

• On (unclassified): りょう (ryō)
• Kun: しのぐ (shinogu, 凌ぐ)

From Middle Chinese 凌 (MC lɨŋ).

凌, eumhun 업신여길 릉 (eopsinyeogil reung), South Korea 업신여길 능 (eopsinyeogil neung)
凌, eumhun 능가할 릉 (neunggahal reung), South Korea 능가할 능 (neunggahal neung)

1. Hanja form^? of 릉 (“to place oneself above; to override”).

• 능가 (凌駕, neungga, “excelling; surpassing; outdoing”)
• 능멸 (凌蔑, neungmyeol, “looking down (on somebody)”)

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

凌: Hán Nôm readings: lăng, lăn, lâng, lừng, rưng, dưng

1. Surname