北京

Chinese
north capital; Beijing (abbrev.)
trad. (北京) 北 京
simp. #(北京) 北 京
Literally: “northern capital”.

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 北 京
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 登 (131) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I III
Fanqie 博墨切 舉卿切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /pək̚/ /kˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /pək̚/ /kᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /pək̚/ /kiaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /pək̚/ /kiajŋ/
Li
Rong		 /pək̚/ /kiɐŋ/
Wang
Li		 /pək̚/ /kĭɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /pək̚/ /ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 bo jīng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 bak1 ging1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 北 京
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 běi jīng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ pok › ‹ kjæng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*pˁək/ /*[k]raŋ/
English north hill; capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 北 京
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 414 6828
Phonetic
component		 北 京
Rime
group		 職 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 北 驚
Old
Chinese		 /*pɯːɡ/ /*kraŋ/

Proper noun

北京

  1. (～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
    中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]
    中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]
    The capital of China is Beijing.
    北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。 [MSC, trad.]
    北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。 [MSC, simp.]
    Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng. [Pinyin]
    Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.
    原諒我不能陪你去北京。 [MSC, trad.]
    原谅我不能陪你去北京。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yuánliàng wǒ bù néng péi nǐ qù Běijīng. [Pinyin]
    Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.
    Synonyms: 北平 (Běipíng) (historical), 燕京 (Yānjīng) (historical)
  2. (metonymically) The government of the People's Republic of China.
  3. (historical) northern capital
    1. [5th c. CE] Jiankang (capital of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Nanjing, Jiangsu province
    2. [5th c. CE] Jingkou (birthplace of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province
    3. [5th c. CE] Pingcheng (capital of Northern Wei dynasty)—in modern-day Datong, Shanxi province
    4. [8th–10th c. CE] Taiyuan Fu (birthplace of Tang dynasty and many subsequent states)—in modern-day Taiyuan, Shanxi province
    5. [11th c. CE] Daming Fu (visited by Emperor Zhenzong)—in modern-day Handan, Hebei province
    6. [12th c. CE] Shangjing Linhuang Fu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia
    7. [12th c. CE] Zhongdu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Beijing
    8. [14th c. CE] Kaifeng Fu (Ming dynasty)—in modern-day Kaifeng, Henan province

Usage notes

Synonyms
  • (Beijing): (historical) 北平 (Běipíng), (literary, or ironic, humorous) 帝都 (dìdū), (historical, archaic) 燕京 (Yānjīng)

Derived terms

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (北京):

Others:

See also
  • Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China: 南京 (Nánjīng) — 洛陽／洛阳 (Luòyáng) — 西安 (Xī'ān)
  • Other directions: 南京 (Nánjīng, “southern capital”) — 東京／东京 (Dōngjīng, “eastern capital”) — 西京 (Xījīng, “western capital”)

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
北 京
ぺ
Grade: 2		 きん
Grade: 2
tōon

From dialectal Chinese 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ペ​キン [péꜜkìǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [pe̞kʲĩɴ]
  • Audio(file)

Proper noun

北京(ペキン) • (Pekin) 

  1. Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

See also

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
北 京
ほく > ほっ
Grade: 2		 きょう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Compound of 北(ほく) (hoku, “north”) + 京(きょう) (kyō, “capital city”). Attested from the 13th century.[2]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) ほっきょー [hòkkyóó] (Heiban – [0])[3]
  • IPA(key): [ho̞k̚ʲkʲo̞ː]

Proper noun

北(ほっ)京(きょう) • (Hokkyō) ←ほくきやう (fokukyau)?

  1. (history) Kyoto the "Northern Capital", as opposed to Nara the "Southern Capital"

References
  1. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  2. “【北京】?dic=nikkoku ほっ‐きょう［ホクキャウ］ 【北京】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
北京

Proper noun

北京 • (Bukgyeong) (hangeul 북경)

  1. Hanja form? of 북경 (“Beijing”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term
北京

Proper noun

北京

  1. chữ Hán form of Bắc Kinh (“Beijing”).
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