憐

See also: 怜

憐	U+6190, 憐 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6190

← 憏
[U+618F]

CJK Unified Ideographs

憑 →
[U+6191]

憐	U+F98F, 憐 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98F

← 年
[U+F98E]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

戀 →
[U+F990]

Translingual

Han character

憐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 心火木手 (PFDQ), four-corner 9905₉, composition ⿰忄粦)

References

KangXi: page 402, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11206
Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2356, character 7
Unihan data for U+6190
Unihan data for U+F98F

Chinese

trad.		憐
simp.		怜^*

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (粦) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
潾	rriːn, rin
膦	*renʔ
憐	*riːn
燐	rin, rins
鄰	*rin
轔	rin, rins
嶙	rin, rinʔ
粼	rin, rins
磷	rin, rins
疄	rin, rins
麟	*rin
鱗	*rin
璘	*rin
翷	*rin
瞵	rin, rins
獜	rin, reːŋ
驎	*rin
鏻	rin, rins, *reːŋ
繗	*rin
僯	*rinʔ
橉	rinʔ, rins
撛	rinʔ, rins
遴	*rins
粦	*rins
甐	*rins

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *riːn) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-rin (“compassion; love”). Cognate with Tibetan དྲིན (drin, “kindness; favour; grace”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lián (lian²)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄢˊ

(Chengdu, SP): nian²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lin⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): len³
Gan (Wiktionary): lien⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lièn

(Meixian, Guangdong): lin²
Jin (Wiktionary): lie¹
Min Bei (KCR): lǐng
Min Dong (BUC): lèng / lìng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): lîn / liân

(Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁵ / liêng⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³li
Xiang (Wiktionary): lienn²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lián
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lián
  - Wade–Giles: lien²
  - Yale: lyán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lian
  - Palladius: лянь (ljanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nian²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niɛn²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lin⁴
  - Yale: lìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: len³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /len²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lien⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liɛn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lièn
  - Hakka Romanization System: lienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lian²
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯en¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lin²
  - Sinological IPA: /lin¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /lie¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lǐng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lèng / lìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɛiŋ⁵³/, /l̃iŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn / liân
  - Tâi-lô: lîn / liân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liin, lieen
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lin¹³/, /liɛn¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴/, /liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lin²³/, /liɛn²³/

Note:

lîn - vernacular;
liân - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: liang⁵ / liêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liâng / liêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ⁵⁵/, /lieŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

liang5 - Shantou;
liêng5 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: lienn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liẽ¹³/

Middle Chinese: /len/

Rime
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	落賢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/len/
Pan Wuyun	/len/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛn/
Li Rong	/len/
Wang Li	/lien/
Bernard Karlgren	/lien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*rˤiŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*riːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lián
Middle Chinese	‹ len ›
Old Chinese	/*rˁiŋ/
English	love; pity
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憐
Reading #	1/1
No.	8193
Phonetic component	粦
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	蓮
Old Chinese	/*riːn/

Definitions

憐

to pity; to sympathize
Synonym: 憐憫／怜悯 (liánmǐn)
to love tenderly

Compounds

乞哀告憐／乞哀告怜 (qǐ'āigàolián)
乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián)
乞憐搖尾／乞怜摇尾
可人憐／可人怜
可憐／可怜 (kělián)
可憐代／可怜代
可憐生／可怜生
可憐蟲／可怜虫 (kěliánchóng)
可憐見／可怜见 (kěliánjiàn)
同病相憐／同病相怜 (tóngbìngxiānglián)
吐憐涎／吐怜涎
哀憐／哀怜 (āilián)
垂憐／垂怜 (chuílián)
天可憐見／天可怜见
怯憐戶／怯怜户
恤老憐貧／恤老怜贫
悲憐／悲怜

惜玉憐香／惜玉怜香
惜老憐貧／惜老怜贫
惜香憐玉／惜香怜玉
惡憐／恶怜
惹人憐愛／惹人怜爱 (rěrénlián'ài)
愛憐／爱怜 (àilián)
愛老憐貧／爱老怜贫
憐孤惜寡／怜孤惜寡
憐恤／怜恤 (liánxù)
憐惜／怜惜 (liánxī)
憐愍／怜愍
憐愛／怜爱 (lián'ài)
憐憫／怜悯 (liánmǐn)
憐才／怜才
憐新棄舊／怜新弃旧
憐春／怜春

憐貧恤老／怜贫恤老
憐貧恤苦／怜贫恤苦
憐貧惜老／怜贫惜老
憐貧敬老／怜贫敬老
憐鑒／怜鉴
憐香／怜香
憐香惜玉／怜香惜玉 (liánxiāngxīyù)
我見猶憐／我见犹怜
搖尾乞憐／摇尾乞怜 (yáowěi qǐlián)
敬老憐貧／敬老怜贫
棄舊憐新／弃旧怜新
楚楚可憐／楚楚可怜 (chǔchǔkělián)
濟苦憐貧／济苦怜贫
自憐／自怜 (zìlián)
見憐／见怜
顧影自憐／顾影自怜

Japanese

Kanji

憐

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Readings

Go-on: れん (ren)
Kan-on: れん (ren)
Kun: あわれむ (awaremu, 憐れむ); あわれみ (awaremi, 憐れみ)

Korean

Hanja

憐 (eumhun 불쌍히 여길 련 (bulssanghi yeogil ryeon), South Korea 불쌍히 여길 연 (bulssanghi yeogil yeon))

Hanja form^? of 련/연 (“pity, sympathize”).

Vietnamese

Han character

憐: Hán Nôm readings: lân, liên

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