軛

See also: 轭

軛	U+8EDB, 軛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8EDB

← 軚
[U+8EDA]

CJK Unified Ideographs

軜 →
[U+8EDC]

Translingual

Han character

軛 (Kangxi radical 159, 車+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十一尸山 (JJMSU), four-corner 5101₂, composition ⿰車厄)

References

KangXi: page 1240, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38207
Dae Jaweon: page 1716, character 16
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3517, character 8
Unihan data for U+8EDB

Chinese

trad.		軛
simp.		轭
alternative forms		軶

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (戹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
呃	qreːɡs, qreːɡ
阸	qreːɡs, qreːɡ
厄	*qreːɡ
蚅	*qreːɡ
扼	*qreːɡ
軛	*qreːɡ
戹	*qreːɡ
豟	*qreːɡ
呝	*qreːɡ
軶	*qreːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qreːɡ) : semantic 車 (“chariot”) + phonetic 厄 (OC *qreːɡ, “yoke”) – specialized form of 厄.

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“to strangle”), whence also 縊 (OC *qleːɡs, *qleɡs, “to strangle”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): è (e⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄜˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): aak¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ak⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ak

(Meixian, Guangdong): ag⁵
Min Bei (KCR): ă̤
Min Dong (BUC): áik
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): eh / ek / iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): êh⁴
Wu (Wiktionary): ⁵ngeq
Xiang (Wiktionary): nga⁴ / nge⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: è
  - Zhuyin: ㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: è
  - Wade–Giles: o⁴
  - Yale: è
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: eh
  - Palladius: э (e)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: aak¹
  - Yale: āak
  - Cantonese Pinyin: aak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: ag¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːk̚⁵/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ak⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ak̚²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ak
  - Hakka Romanization System: ag`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ag⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ak̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ag⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ak̚¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ă̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛ²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: áik
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: eh
  - Tâi-lô: eh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eq
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /eʔ⁵/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /eʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/

Note:

Xiamen, Quanzhou:
- eh - vernacular;
- ek/iak - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: êh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: eh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /eʔ²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ⁵ngeq
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋəʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nga⁴ / nge⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa̠⁴⁵/, /ŋɤ̞²⁴/

Note:

nga4 - vernacular;
nge6 - literary.

Middle Chinese: /ʔˠɛk̚/

Rime
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	耕 (119)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	於革切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɛk̚/
Wang Li	/æk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qˤ<r>[i]k/

(Zhengzhang): /*qreːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔɛk ›
Old Chinese	/*qˁ<r>[i]k/
English	part of a yoke
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	軛
Reading #	1/1
No.	2711
Phonetic component	戹
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	戹
Old Chinese	/*qreːɡ/
Notes	原從戹

Definitions

軛

yoke
to restrain; to control

Compounds

亢軛／亢轭
偏轉軛／偏转轭
共軛弧／共轭弧
共軛複數／共轭复数 (gòng'è fùshù)
共軛角／共轭角
共軛雙曲線／共轭双曲线
共軛鹼／共轭碱 (gòng'èjiǎn)
牛軛／牛轭 (niú'è)
牛軛湖／牛轭湖

犁軛／犁轭
狖軛鼯軒／狖轭鼯轩
琱軛／雕轭
羈軛／羁轭
衡軛／衡轭
複共軛的／复共轭的
負軛／负轭
車軛／车轭

軛束／轭束
軛縛／轭缚
輪軛／轮轭
轅軛／辕轭
銜軛／衔轭
鞅軛／鞅轭
頓軛／顿轭
馬軛／马轭

Descendants

→ Proto-Tai: *ʔeːkᴰ (“yoke”)
- Ahom: 𑜒𑜢𑜀𑜫 (ʼik)
- Lao: ແອກ (ʼǣk)
- Lü: ᦶᦀᧅ (˙ʼaek)
- Shan: ဢႅၵ်ႇ (ʼèk)
- Tai Dam: ꪵꪮꪀ
- Tai Nüa: ᥟᥦᥐᥱ (ʼǎek)
- Thai: แอก (ɛ̀ɛk)
- Zhuang: ek

References

“軛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

軛

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings

On (unclassified): あく (aku), やく (yaku)

Kun: くびき (kubiki)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
軛
くびき Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 軛 – see the following entry.

【くびき】

[noun] yoke (wooden bar)

Alternative spellings
軛, 衡, 頸木

(This term, 軛, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

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