Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hr̥tás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥-tós, from *h₂er- (“to fit; fix; put together”) +‎ *-tós (deverbal adjective suffix).

Noun

*Hr̥tás m

truth
Antonym: *dʰráwgʰas

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*Hr̥tás	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥tā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative	*Hr̥ta	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥tā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative	*Hr̥tám	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥tā́ns
instrumental	*Hr̥tā́	*Hr̥táybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*Hr̥tā́yš
ablative	*Hr̥tā́t	*Hr̥táybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*Hr̥táybʰyas
dative	*Hr̥tā́y	*Hr̥táybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*Hr̥táybʰyas
genitive	*Hr̥tásya	*Hr̥táyās	*Hr̥tā́na(H)m
locative	*Hr̥táy	*Hr̥táyaw	*Hr̥táyšu

Derived terms

*Hr̥táH-bʰaHnúš
- Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥tábaHnúš (“the glory of Arta, the righteous glory; the Arta's light”) (c.f. for ending part: Avestan 𐬠𐬁𐬥𐬎‎ (bānu, “the ray of light”))
  - Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎲𐎠𐎵 (*a-r-t-b-a-nu /*Artabānu/)
    - Middle Persian: (/Ardawān ~ Ardaβān/)
      Manichaean: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫂𐫀𐫗‎ (ʾrdβʾn)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭥𐭠𐭭‎ (ʾrtwʾn)
      
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾrtbʾn')
      - Classical Persian: اردوان‎ (Ardawān)
    - → Akkadian: 𒀜𒅈𒁀𒉡𒍑 (/Atarbanuš/)
    - → Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάβανος (Artábanos), Ἀρταβάνης (Artabánēs)
      - → Latin: Artabanus
    - → Imperial Aramaic: 𐡏𐡓𐡕𐡁𐡍𐡅‎ (ʿrtbnw)
    - → Elamite: 𒅕𒋼𒁀𒉡𒆜 (/Irtabanuš/)
    - → Lydian: 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤠𐤡𐤵𐤫𐤠‎ (artabãna)
    - → Sogdian: (/Ardawān ~ Arteβān/)
      Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾrδβʾn)
      
      Syriac: ܐܪܬܝܒܐܢ‎ (ʾrtyβʾn)
    - → Parthian: (/Ardawān ~ Ardaβān/)
      Manichaean: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫇𐫀𐫗‎ (ʾrdwʾn)
      
      Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭁𐭍𐭅‎ (ʾrtbnw)
      - → Old Armenian: Արտաւան (Artawan), Արտաբան (Artaban)
        Armenian: Արտավան (Artavan)
*Hr̥táH-taHtiš
- Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥tátaHtiš
  - Avestan: 𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬝‎ (arštāt̰, “rectitude, justice; name of an angel”)
    - → Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭕𐭕‎ (ʾrštt /Arštāt ~ Arštād ~ Arštāδ/, “the goddess Rectitude; 26th day of Persian calendar”)
    - → Middle Persian: (/A(r)štād/, “the goddess Rectitude; 26th day of Persian calendar”)
      Manichaean: 𐫀𐫢𐫤𐫀𐫅‎ (ʾštʾd)
      
      Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭠𐭥𐭱𐭲𐭠𐭲‎ (ʾrštʾt)
      
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾštʾt')
      - Persian: اشتاد‎ (aštâd)
  - Middle Persian: (/ardā(y)/) ( >*artatāt > *ardāt > *ardād > *ardāy)
    Manichaean: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫏‎ (ʾrdʾy)
    
    Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭠𐭣𐭩‎ (ʾltʾdy)
    
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾltʾy)
    
    Psalter Pahlavi: 𐮀𐮊𐮑𐮀𐮈‎ (ʾltʾy), 𐮀𐮊𐮑𐮀𐮃𐮈‎ (ʾltʾdy)
*Hr̥táH-wants
- Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥táhwants (“true-follower; right-follower”)
  - Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥‎ (aṣ̌auuan)
    - → Middle Persian: (/ašawan/)
      Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾšwn')
    → Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (aṣ̌auua)
    - → Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾšwk' /ašō/, “righteous”)
      - Classical Persian: اشو‎ (ašō, “Sant”)
  - Proto-Medo-Parthian: *Hr̥θáwants
    - Old Median: *ar̥θáwant
      - → Old Persian: *𐎠𐎼𐎰𐎺𐎴𐎫 (*a-r-θ-v-n-t /*arθavant/)
        Middle Persian: (/ahlaw/, “righteous”) (*rθ- > *rh- > *lh- > *hl-)
        Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhlwb')
        
        Manichaean: 𐫀𐫍𐫓𐫇‎ (ʾhlw)
        
        Classical Persian: اهلبوب‎ (ahlabōb)
    - Parthian: (/ardāw/, “justice, righteousness; community of the righteous”)
      Manichaean: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫇‎ (ʾrdʾw)
      
      Inscriptional Parthian: 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭀𐭅‎ (ʾrtʾw)
      - → Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫇‎ (ʾrdʾw /ardāw/)
      - → Sogdian: (/artāw/, “electus, righteous, faithful”)
        Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾrtʾw)
        
        Manichaean: 𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫇‎ (ʾrtʾw)
        
        Syriac: ܐܪܬܐܘ‎ (ʾrtʾw)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hr̥tás
- Sanskrit: ऋत (ṛtá, “right, proper; law”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Iranian: *Hr̥táh
- Avestan:
  - Old Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀‎ (aṣ̌a~arta) (← substantivized *Hŕ̥tam), -𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (-ar^əta)
    - → English: asha
  - Younger Avestan: -𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (-ər^əta)
- Parthian: 𐫀𐫡𐫤‎ (ʾrt /art/, “aether, air”)
- Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫 (a-r-t /arta/)
  - Middle Persian: (/ard/, “Ard, a goddess; 25th day of Persian calendar”)
    Manichaean: 𐫀𐫏𐫡𐫅‎ (ʾyrd)
    Inscriptional Pahlavi: 𐭠𐭫𐭲𐭩‎ (ʾlty)
    Book Pahlavi: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾlt')
    - Persian: ارد‎ (ard)

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