< Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan < b-ka-(n < m

Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology
  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *b-kɑ-n (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (Matisoff, STEDT); *b-ka-n (Matisoff, 2003; Mortensen, 2012); *ka (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ka (*B) (Coblin, 1986); *kɑ (Chou, 1972)

Derivative: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“difficult, hard”).

Compare Proto-Tai *Ĉ.qɤmᴬ (“bitter”) (Thai ขม (kǒm), Lao ຂົມ (khom)); also compare: Thai ขื่น (kʉ̀ʉn), Lao ຂື່ນ (khư̄n, “bitter, astringent, ascerbic”).

Adjective

*b-ka-(n/m/ŋ)

  1. bitter
  2. bile
  3. liver

Descendants
  • Old Chinese: 苦 /*kʰˤaʔ/ (B-S), /*kʰaːʔ/ (ZS) ("bitter; a bitter plant"); /*kʰˤa-s/ (B-S, unlisted), /*kʰaːs/ (ZS) ("difficult, hardship"); 肝 (gān) /*s.kˤar/ (B-S); /*kaːn/ (ZS) ("liver")
    • Middle Chinese: 苦 (kʰuoX, kʰuoH/), 肝 (kɑn)

      → Japanese: 苦 (く, ​ku)
      Korean: 고 (苦, go)
      Vietnamese: khổ (苦)

      → Vietnamese: khó (“hard, difficult; delicate”)

      → Japanese: 肝 (かん, ​kan)
      Korean: 간 (肝, gan)
      Vietnamese: can (肝)

      → Vietnamese: gan (“liver”)

      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: 苦 (kǔ, /kʰu²¹⁴/), 肝 (gān) (gān, /kan⁵⁵/)
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan: ཁ་བ (kha ba, “bitter”), དཀ་བ (dak ba, “difficult”)
  • Proto-Kuki-Chin: *khaa
    • Northern
  • Naic:
    • Naish:
      • Naxi: ka (“bitter”)
  • Nungish:
    • Rawang: ka (“bitter”)
    • Trung/Drung/Dulong: ka (“bitter”)
  • Sal
    • Bodo-Garo
      • Garo: kaa (“bitter”), Garo: bika (“liver”)
      • Kokborok: bə-kʰa
      • Bodo (India): bi-kraʔ
    • Deori
      • Deori: ci-kā²
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Burmese: ခါး (hka:, “bitter”)
      • Achang: kan⁵⁵
    • Loloish
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꈌ (ke, “bitter”)
        • Katso: ka³³
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu (Northern): ꓘꓪꓽ (kʰwɑ̀, “bitter, too salty”)
        • Lolopo: kar (“bitter”)
      • Southeastern Loloish
        • Phuza: ka⁵⁵
  • Proto-Karen: *khaᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)

See also
  • *m-sin (“liver, heart, bile, bitter”)
  • *m-ka (“mouth, opening, door”)
  • *ka (“word, speech, language”)
  • *tsa (“salt”)
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