< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kroma
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Likely from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krem-, an extension of *(s)ker- (“to cut”). Akin to German Schramme (“scratch”), possibly Ancient Greek κρημνός (krēmnós, “river bank”).
Usage notes
In a number of daughter languages, the locative case *kromě[1] is used as a preposition with meaning except, but.
Alternative forms
- *kromъ m
Inflection
Declension of *kromà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *kromà | *kròmě | *kromỳ |
| Accusative | *kromǫ̀ | *kròmě | *kromỳ |
| Genitive | *kromỳ | *kromù | *kròmъ |
| Locative | *kromě̀ | *kromù | *kromàsъ, *kromàxъ* |
| Dative | *kromě̀ | *kromàma | *kromàmъ |
| Instrumental | *kromòjǫ, *kròmǫ** | *kromàma | *kromàmī |
| Vocative | *kromo | *kròmě | *kromỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *kromъka (diminutive)
- *sъkromъ (“restricted”)
- *sъkromьnъ (“humble, modest”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: кромъ m (kromŭ)
- ⇒ Belarusian: акро́м (akróm), акрамя́ (akramjá)
- ⇒ Rusyn: крум (krum), кроми (kromy)
- Russian: крома́ (kromá, “barrier”) (dialectal)
- Ukrainian: кро́ма (króma, “barrier”)
- Old East Slavic: кромъ m (kromŭ)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “крома”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kroma/*kromъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 185
- Račeva M., Todorov T., editor (2002), “скром”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 6, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 802
- крома in Горох.ua
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “kromě”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b udenfor, pånær (PR 136)”
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