þu
Gothic
Middle English
Old English
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Cognate with Old Frisian thū, Old Saxon thū, Old Dutch thū, Old High German dū, Old Norse þú, Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þū). Non-Germanic cognates include Latin tū and Ancient Greek σύ (sú).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /θuː/
Usage notes
Unlike later (Middle and Early Modern) usage of "thou", Old English þū was simply a singular pronoun, with no connotation of informality or disrespect.
Declension
Old English personal pronouns
| nominative | accusative | dative | genitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | first person | iċ | mec, mē | mē | mīn | |
| second person | þū | þec, þē | þē | þīn | ||
| third person | neuter | hit | him | his | ||
| masculine | hē | hine | ||||
| feminine | hēo | hīe | hiere | |||
| dual | first person | wit | uncit | unc | uncer | |
| second person | ġit | incit | inc | incer | ||
| plural | first person | wē | ūsic | ūs | ūser, ūre | |
| second person | ġē | ēowic | ēow | ēower | ||
| third person | hīe | him | heora | |||
Old Swedish
Etymology
From Old Norse þú, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Declension
Old Swedish personal pronouns
| first person | second person | reflexive | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | ||||||
| nominative | iak, iæk | þū | — | han | hōn | þæt |
| accusative | mik | þik | sik | han | hana, hōna | þæt |
| dative | mǣ(r), mik | þǣ(r), þik | sǣ(r), sik | hōnum, hānum | hænni | þȳ, þī |
| genitive | mīn | þīn | sīn | hans | hænna(r) | þæs |
| dual | ||||||
| nominative | vit | it | — | — | — | — |
| accusative | oker | *iker | sik | — | — | — |
| dative | oker | *iker | sǣr, sik | — | — | — |
| genitive | okar | *ikar | sīn | — | — | — |
| plural | ||||||
| nominative | vī(r) | ī(r) | — | þē(r) | þā(r) | þø̄n, þē(n) |
| accusative | os, ōs | iþer | sik | þā | þā(r) | þø̄n, þē(n) |
| dative | os, ōs | iþer | sǣr, sik | þēm, þø̄m, þom | þēm, þø̄m, þom | þēm, þø̄m, þom |
| genitive | vār | iþar | sīn | þēra | þēra | þēra |
Descendants
- Swedish: du
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