以來

See also: 以来

Chinese

		to use; according to; so as to to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)	to come
trad. (以來)		以	來
simp. (以来)		以	来

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yǐlái

(Zhuyin): ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ji⁵ loi⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yî-lòi
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): í-lâi

(Teochew, Peng'im): in² lai⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǐlái
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˇ ㄌㄞˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǐlái
  - Wade–Giles: i³-lai²
  - Yale: yǐ-lái
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yiilai
  - Palladius: илай (ilaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ laɪ̯³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ji⁵ loi⁴
  - Yale: yíh lòih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵ loi⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵ loi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³ lɔːi̯²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-lòi
  - Hakka Romanization System: i´ loiˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi¹ loi²
  - Sinological IPA: /i²⁴ loi̯¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yî-lòi
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)i´ loiˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yi¹ loi²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i²⁴ loi̯¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: í-lâi
  - Tâi-lô: í-lâi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ylaai
  - IPA (Xiamen): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /i⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lai²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /i⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lai²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /i⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lai²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: in² lai⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: íⁿ lâi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ lai⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /jɨ^X lʌi/

Rime
Character	以	來
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	羊己切	洛哀切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨ^X/	/lʌi/
Pan Wuyun	/jɨ^X/	/ləi/
Shao Rongfen	/ie^X/	/lɒi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jɨ^X/	/ləj/
Li Rong	/iə^X/	/lᴀi/
Wang Li	/jĭə^X/	/lɒi/
Bernard Karlgren	/i^X/	/lɑ̆i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ	lái
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁵	loi⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ləʔ mə.rˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*lɯʔ m·rɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	以	來
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yǐ	lái
Middle Chinese	‹ yi^X ›	‹ loj ›
Old Chinese	/*ləʔ/	/mə.rˁək/ (> rˁə)
English	take, use	come
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	以	來
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14929	7598
Phonetic component	以	來
Rime group	之	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	以
Old Chinese	/*lɯʔ/	/*m·rɯːɡ/

Postposition

以來

since; for (starting from a period of time)
自1910年以來／自1910年以来 ― zì 1910 nián yǐlái ― since 1910

長期以來／长期以来 ― chángqī yǐlái ― for a long time

自古以來／自古以来 ― zìgǔ yǐlái ― since ancient times

立春以來／立春以来 ― lìchūn yǐlái ― since the beginning of spring

畢業以來／毕业以来 ― bìyè yǐlái ― since graduation

有生以來／有生以来 ― yǒushēng yǐlái ― since (I) was born
- 刊行以來，這本書在港、臺及世界各地的華人中始終擁有廣大的讀者群。 [MSC, trad.]
  刊行以来，这本书在港、台及世界各地的华人中始终拥有广大的读者群。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1965: Pai Hsien-yung, Taipei People, Editor's Preface
  Kānxíng yǐlái, zhè běn shū zài Gǎng, Tái jí shìjiè gèdì de huárén zhōng shǐzhōng yōngyǒu guǎngdà de dúzhěqún. [Pinyin]
  Since publication, this book has acquired a large readership in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Chinese communities the world over.

Synonyms

(Cantonese) 以嚟

Derived terms

有史以來／有史以来 (yǒushǐyǐlái)
有生以來／有生以来 (yǒushēngyǐlái)

自古以來／自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (以來):

→ Japanese: 以來(いらい) (irai)
→ Korean: 이래(以來) (irae)

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