夷狄

Chinese

		safe; to raze; to exterminate safe; to raze; to exterminate; barbarian	barbarians; name of a tribe
trad. (夷狄)		夷	狄
simp. ^#(夷狄)		夷	狄

Etymology

From archaic exonymic references to tribes that were not considered 諸夏, but were physically located close to the 中國; from 夷 (OC *lil, “eastern tribes”) + 狄 (OC *deːɡ, “northern tribes”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yídí

(Zhuyin): ㄧˊ ㄉㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ji⁴ dik⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yídí
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˊ ㄉㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yídí
  - Wade–Giles: i²-ti²
  - Yale: yí-dí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yidyi
  - Palladius: иди (idi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³⁵ ti³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ji⁴ dik⁶
  - Yale: yìh dihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁴ dik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁴ dig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː²¹ tɪk̚²/

Middle Chinese: /jiɪ dek̚/

Rime
Character	夷	狄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)	青 (127)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	IV
Fanqie	以脂切	徒歷切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiɪ/	/dek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ji/	/dek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/jɪ/	/dɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ji/	/dɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/i/	/dek̚/
Wang Li	/ji/	/diek̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/i/	/dʱiek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	dí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁴	dik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ləj lˤek/

(Zhengzhang): /*lil deːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	夷	狄
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yí	dí
Middle Chinese	‹ yij ›	‹ dek ›
Old Chinese	/*ləj/	/*lˁek/
English	foreigner (especially to the east)	(name of a northern tribe)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	夷	狄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	14862	2206
Phonetic component	夷	狄
Rime group	脂	錫
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	姨	荻
Old Chinese	/*lil/	/*deːɡ/

Noun

夷狄

(historical, archaic) the barbarians (peoples inhabiting regions peripheral to the historical Chinese heartland)
Antonym: 諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
(literary, derogatory) barbarian (any ethnic group considered uncivilized)

Usage notes

Typically applied by those who consider themselves 諸夏, with the connotation of otherhood or distance.

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