奈何

Chinese

	how can one help	carry; what; how carry; what; how; why; which
trad. (奈何)	奈	何
simp. ^#(奈何)	奈	何
alternative forms	柰何

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nàihé

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄞˋ ㄏㄜˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): noi⁶ ho⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nai-hò
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): nāi-hô͘ / nāi-hô / tā-ôa / ta-ôa / tāi-ôa

(Teochew, Peng'im): nai⁶ ho²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nàihé
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄞˋ ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nàihé
  - Wade–Giles: nai⁴-ho²
  - Yale: nài-hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nayher
  - Palladius: найхэ (najxɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /naɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
  - Homophones:
    [Show/Hide]
    ^edit
    ^edit
    奈何
    奈河
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: noi⁶ ho⁴
  - Yale: noih hòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: noi⁶ ho⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: noi⁶ ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nɔːi̯²² hɔː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nai-hò
  - Hakka Romanization System: nai hoˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nai⁴ ho²
  - Sinological IPA: /nai̯⁵⁵ ho¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi-hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: nāi-hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: naixhoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /nãi⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nāi-hô
  - Tâi-lô: nāi-hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: naixhooi
  - IPA (Taipei): /nãi³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /nãi³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /nãi²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /nãi²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tā-ôa
  - Tâi-lô: tā-uâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daxoaa
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ta²²⁻²¹ ua²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ta⁴¹⁻²² ua²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ta³³⁻²¹ ua²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ta³³⁻¹¹ ua²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta-ôa
  - Tâi-lô: ta-uâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: da'oaa
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ua²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ta⁴⁴⁻³³ ua²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi-ôa
  - Tâi-lô: tāi-uâ
  - Phofsit Daibuun: daixoaa
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tai²²⁻²¹ ua¹³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nai⁶ ho²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: năi hó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nai³⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵²/

Middle Chinese: /nɑi^H|nɑ^H ɦɑ/

Rime
Character	奈	奈	何
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	泥 (8)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)	歌 (94)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	奴帶切	奴箇切	胡歌切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/	/ɦɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/	/ɦɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/	/ɣɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/naj^H/	/na^H/	/ɦa/
Li Rong	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/	/ɣɑ/
Wang Li	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/	/ɣɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/nɑi^H/	/nɑ^H/	/ɣɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nài	nuò	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	naai⁶	no⁶	ho⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤa[t]-s [ɡ]ˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*naːls|naːds ɡaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奈	何
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nài	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ naj^H ›	‹ ha ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁa[t]-s/	/*[ɡ]ˁaj/
English	cope with	what
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	奈	奈	何
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/2
No.	9349	9350	7458
Phonetic component	奈	奈	可
Rime group	歌	祭	歌
Rime subdivision	1	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	奈	柰	何
Old Chinese	/*naːls/	/*naːds/	/*ɡaːl/

Adverb

奈何

(literary) how; what
其自亡奈何？ [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
From: Commentary of Gongyang, c. 206 BCE– 9 CE
Qí zì wáng nàihé? [Pinyin]
How did it die on its own?
(literary) what is to be done; what can be done
(literary) to no avail

Verb

奈何

(literary) to do something to somebody
(literary) to deal with; to cope with

Noun

奈何

(literary) way out

Derived terms

不奈何
如之奈何 (rú zhī nàihé)
末奈何
莫可奈何
奈何橋／奈何桥 (nàihéqiáo)
民不畏死，奈何以死懼之／民不畏死，奈何以死惧之
沒做奈何處／没做奈何处
沒及奈何／没及奈何

沒奈何／没奈何 (mònàihé)
沒極奈何／没极奈何
沒計奈何／没计奈何
無可奈何／无可奈何 (wúkěnàihé)
無如奈何／无如奈何
無計奈何／无计奈何
綿綿不絕，縵縵奈何／绵绵不绝，缦缦奈何

Japanese

Kanji in this term
奈	何
いかん
Grade: 4	Grade: 2
jukujikun

For pronunciation and definitions of 奈何 – see the following entry.

【如何いかん】

[noun] the whatevers, the whys and wherefores; however [it may be]

[adverb] howsoever, however [it may be]

(This term, 奈何, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

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