幾何

See also: 几何

Chinese

Etymology

geometry: First used in Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci's translation of Euclid's Elements in 1607. The method and origin of derivation is disputed.

Pronunciation 1

		how much; how many; several how much; how many; several; a few; almost	carry; what; how carry; what; how; why; which
trad. (幾何)		幾	何
simp. (几何)		几	何

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jǐhé

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gei² ho⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gei² ho³
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kí-hô / kí-hô͘ / ki-hô / ki-hô͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gi¹ ho⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jǐhé
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jǐhé
  - Wade–Giles: chi³-ho²
  - Yale: jǐ-hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiiher
  - Palladius: цзихэ (czixɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ xɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jǐhér
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ ㄏㄜˊㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jǐhér
  - Wade–Giles: chi³-hêrh²
  - Yale: jǐ-hér
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiiher'l
  - Palladius: цзихэр (czixɛr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ xɤɻ³⁵/

Note: Erhua-ed pronunciation is only used for the geometry sense.

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gei² ho⁴
  - Yale: géi hòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gei² ho⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: géi² ho⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei̯³⁵ hɔː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gei² ho³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei⁵⁵ hᵘɔ²²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kí-hô
  - Tâi-lô: kí-hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ky'hooi
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /ki⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ki⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kí-hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: kí-hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ky'hoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ki⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hô
  - Tâi-lô: ki-hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ki'hooi
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ki⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ki-hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: ki-hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ki'hoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ki³³ hɔ²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gi¹ ho⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ki hô
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ki³³⁻²³ ho⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kɨi^X ɦɑ/

Rime
Character	幾	何
Reading #	3/4	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	微 (20)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	居狶切	胡歌切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨi^X/	/ɦɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɨi^X/	/ɦɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiəi^X/	/ɣɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨj^X/	/ɦa/
Li Rong	/kiəi^X/	/ɣɑ/
Wang Li	/kĭəi^X/	/ɣɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ke̯i^X/	/ɣɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jǐ	hé
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gei²	ho⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kəjʔ [ɡ]ˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*kɯlʔ ɡaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	幾	何
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jǐ	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ kjɨj^X ›	‹ ha ›
Old Chinese	/*kəjʔ/	/*[ɡ]ˁaj/
English	few; how many	what
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	幾	何
Reading #	2/4	1/2
No.	5800	7458
Phonetic component	幾	可
Rime group	微	歌
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	蟣	何
Old Chinese	/*kɯlʔ/	/*ɡaːl/

Adverb

幾何

(literary) how much; how many
您女兒芳齡幾何？／您女儿芳龄几何？ ― Nín nǚ'ér fānglíng jǐhé? ― How old is your daughter? [honorific] (literally, “How many is your daughter's age?”)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 多少 (“how many; how much”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		幾, 幾何, 幾多, 幾許, 多少
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		多少
Mandarin	Beijing	多少
	Taiwan	多少
	Jinan	多少
	Xi'an	多少
	Wuhan	幾多, 好多
	Chengdu	好多
	Guilin	好多
	Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	幾, 幾多
	Yangzhou	多少
	Hefei	好些, 好多
	Singapore	多少
Cantonese	Guangzhou	幾多, 幾
	Hong Kong	幾多, 幾
	Taishan	幾多
	Yangjiang	幾多, 幾
	Singapore (Guangfu)	幾多, 幾
Gan	Nanchang	幾多
Hakka	Meixian	幾多
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	幾多
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	幾多
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	幾多
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	幾多
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	幾多
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	幾多
Jin	Taiyuan	多少
Min Bei	Jian'ou	幾多
Min Dong	Fuzhou	若夥
Min Dong	Singapore (Fuqing)	若夥
Min Nan	Xiamen	偌濟
	Quanzhou	偌濟
	Shishi	偌濟
	Zhangzhou	偌濟
	Zhao'an	偌濟
	Tainan	偌濟, 幾
	Penang (Hokkien)	幾
	Singapore (Hokkien)	偌濟, 幾
	Manila (Hokkien)	偌濟, 幾
	Chaozhou	若濟
	Shantou	若濟
	Jieyang	若濟
	Pontianak (Teochew)	若濟
	Haikou	偌濟
Wu	Shanghai	多少, 幾化, 幾多化 dated
	Suzhou	幾化
	Ningbo	多少
	Wenzhou	幾倈兒, 幾倈
Xiang	Changsha	好多
	Xiangtan	幾, 幾多
	Shuangfeng	好多, 幾多

Derived terms

俟河之清，人壽幾何／俟河之清，人寿几何
冇幾何／冇几何 (mou5 gei2 ho4-2)
春秋幾何／春秋几何

有幾何／有几何 (jau5 gei2 ho4-2)
無幾何／无几何
相去幾何／相去几何

Noun

幾何

(mathematics) geometry [from 1607]

Derived terms

代數幾何／代数几何 (dàishù jǐhé)
平面幾何／平面几何 (píngmiàn jǐhé)
幾何光學／几何光学 (jǐhé guāngxué)
幾何圖形／几何图形 (jǐhé túxíng)
幾何學／几何学 (jǐhéxué)

幾何級數／几何级数 (jǐhé jíshù)
幾何體／几何体 (jǐhétǐ)
微分幾何／微分几何 (wēifēn jǐhé)
立體幾何／立体几何 (lìtǐ jǐhé)
解析幾何／解析几何 (jiěxī jǐhé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (幾何):

→ Japanese: 幾何(きか) (kika)
→ Korean: 기하(幾何) (giha)
→ Vietnamese: kỉ hà (幾何)

Pronunciation 2

	how much; how many; several how much; how many; several; a few; almost	carry; what; how carry; what; how; why; which
trad. (幾何)	幾	何
simp. (几何)	几	何
alternative forms	幾好／几好

Cantonese (Taishan, Wiktionary): gei² hau^4*

Cantonese
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gei² hau^4*
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kei⁵⁵ hau²¹⁻²¹⁵/

Adverb

幾何

(Taishanese) how
(Taishanese) why

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 怎樣 (“how”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		如何, 何以, 若何
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		如何, 怎樣
Mandarin	Beijing	怎麼樣兒, 怎樣兒
	Taiwan	怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何
	Jinan	怎麼樣
	Xi'an	咋樣兒
	Wuhan	麼樣, 麼樣子, 哪樣, 哪樣子
	Chengdu	咋個樣, 咋個樣子, 啷個樣, 啷個樣子
	Guilin	啷子樣
	Yangzhou	怎們樣, 哪一個樣, 哪一個樣子
	Hefei	怎樣
	Malaysia	怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何
	Singapore	怎麼樣, 怎樣, 如何
Cantonese	Guangzhou	點樣, 點
	Hong Kong	點樣, 點
	Macau	點
	Taishan	幾何
	Singapore (Guangfu)	點樣, 點
Gan	Nanchang	啷樣, 啷
Hakka	Meixian	仰般, 仰仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	仰般, 仰仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	仰仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	仰般
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	仰脣, 仰
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	仰般, 仰般形
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	仰子
Jin	Taiyuan	咋, 咋底
Min Bei	Jian'ou	何如, 何如事
Min Dong	Fuzhou	將樣, 蔣樣, 蔣其
Min Nan	Xiamen	按怎, 怎樣
	Quanzhou	障仔, 怎樣, 按怎
	Zhangzhou	按怎, 怎樣
	Taipei	按怎 GT, 按怎樣 GT
	Penang (Hokkien)	按怎
	Singapore (Hokkien)	按怎
	Manila (Hokkien)	障仔, 怎樣
	Chaozhou	在生樣, 乜生樣, 做呢
	Shantou	在生
	Jieyang	在生, 在生樣
	Haifeng	做呢, 做呢樣
	Singapore (Teochew)	做呢, 在生
Wu	Shanghai	哪能, 哪能介, 哪能樣子
	Suzhou	捺亨
	Wenzhou	訾那, 訾那能
Xiang	Changsha	何是, 何裡
Xiang	Shuangfeng	麼家
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Dialectal synonyms of 為什麼 (“why”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		何為, 何以, 何, 何故, 緣何, 胡, 奚, 曷, 胡為
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		為什麼, 為何, 因何, 何以
Mandarin	Beijing	為什麼, 幹嗎, 幹什麼
	Taiwan	為什麼
	Tianjin	為嘛
	Harbin	為啥
	Yantai (Muping)	為麼, 為麼個
	Jinan	為麼兒, 為麼, 幹麼兒, 為什麼
	Xi'an	為啥, 因啥
	Yinchuan	為啥
	Lanzhou	為啥
	Xining	為啥
	Ürümqi	為啥
	Wuhan	做麼事, 為麼事
	Chengdu	為啥子, 做啥子
	Guiyang	為哪樣, 為些哪樣
	Guilin	為什麼
	Liuzhou	為什麼
	Xiangtan (Jiangnan Industries Group koine)	為什麼
	Xuzhou	為啥, 擁啥, 擁什麼
	Yangzhou	甚們事, 做事, 做啥, 為甚們 formal
	Nanjing	為什麼
	Hefei	怎搞, 怎搞的
	Malaysia	為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼
	Singapore	為什麼, 做什麼, 做麼
Cantonese	Guangzhou	點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 為乜, 為乜為物, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩
	Hong Kong	點解, 做乜, 做乜嘢, 做咩, 為乜, 為咩, 做乜事幹, 因乜事幹, 因乜解究, 因乜緣故, 何解, 乜, 咩
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	做乜嘢
	Macau	為乜嘢
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	點解
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	整乜嘢
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	做乜嘢
	Foshan	點解
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	點解
	Foshan (Shunde)	為乜嘢
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	因乜嘢, 點解
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	為乜嘢
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	為乜嘢
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	點解
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	點解
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	點解
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	幾解
	Taishan	幾何, 幾解, 做乜, 為乜, 乜頭路
	Kaiping (Chikan)	幾解
	Enping (Niujiang)	做乜, 幾解
	Heshan (Yayao)	幾解
	Dongguan	點解, 做乜嘢, 做乜, 為乜嘢
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	點解
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	點解
	Yangjiang	為乜, 為乜事, 做乜, 做乜事, 做乜嘢
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	為物底
	Qinzhou	為乜嘢, 為乜
	Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	為乜底
	Beihai	為乜嘢
	Beihai (Nankang)	做乜嘢
	Beihai (Yingpan)	為乜底
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	做乜嘢, 為乜
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	做乜嘢
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	做乜嘢, 為乜
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	點解
	Singapore (Guangfu)	點解
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	做乜嘢
	Móng Cái	點解, 為乜
	Yangon (Taishan)	幾解
Gan	Nanchang	為什哩
Gan	Pingxiang	為咋個, 為咋哩, 做咋個, 做咋哩, 何解
Hakka	Meixian	做麼個
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	做乜計, 做乜嘢, 仰解
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	做麼個
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	做麼個
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	做麼個
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	做麼個
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	做麼個
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	做麼個
Jin	Taiyuan	為甚, 因為甚, 幹什
Jin	Xinzhou	𠰻們
Min Bei	Jian'ou	為孰事, 做孰事
Min Dong	Fuzhou	蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 做什名, 幹乜勢, 傒勢
	Changle	傒勢
	Fuqing	介計
	Yongtai	蔣其
	Gutian	做什乇
	Fu'an	做乜乇
	Ningde	做乇
	Shouning	做呢乇
	Zhouning	做乜乇
	Fuding	做哪乇
	Matsu	為什乇, 蔣其, 蔣講, 做什乇, 傒勢
Min Nan	Xiamen	為甚物, 按怎, 物代, 敢咧, 創甚物
	Quanzhou	按怎, 物代
	Jinjiang	為啥物
	Zhangzhou	按怎
	Zhao'an	為甚物
	Dongshan	為甚物
	Taipei	為啥物, 是按怎
	Penang (Hokkien)	何物事, 做物事, 做物
	Singapore (Hokkien)	按怎
	Manila (Hokkien)	敢哪, 敢哪誌
	Chaozhou	做呢
	Shantou	做呢
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	做呢
	Singapore (Teochew)	做呢
	Leizhou	做乜, 因乜
	Wenchang	作乜, 因乜, 怎作
	Haikou	作乜, 作個乜, 作乜物, 因乜, 因個乜
	Singapore (Hainanese)	作乜
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	做門, 做哪門, 為哪門
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	為什個
Wu	Shanghai	啥體, 為啥, 啥講究, 啥個講究, 啥個路道, 啥個緣故
	Shanghai (Chongming)	為何, 做何
	Suzhou	為啥, 為點啥, 做啥, 啥體, 為啥體
	Danyang	為點高, 做點高
	Hangzhou	為啥
	Wenzhou	妝乜, 為何呢, 為乜事幹
	Jinhua	為淡事幹, 為待西
Xiang	Changsha	為麼子, 何解
	Loudi	嗎介
	Shuangfeng	為麼子, 做麼子

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
幾	何
き Grade: S	か Grade: 2
kan’on

Shortening of 幾何学 (kikagaku, “geometry”).[1][2]

First attested in the early Meiji period, in a text from 1886.[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きか [kíꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
(Tokyo) きか [kìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2]
IPA^(key): [kʲika̠]

Noun

幾(き)何(か) • (kika)

[1886] (mathematics, colloquial) Short for 幾何学 (kikagaku): geometry

Derived terms

幾(き)何(か)異(い)性(せい) (kika isei)
幾(き)何(か)画(が)法(ほう) (kika gahō)
幾(き)何(か)級(きゅう)数(すう) (kika kyūsū, “geometric series, geometric progression”)
幾(き)何(か)原(げん)本(ぽん) (Kika Genpon)
幾(き)何(か)光(こう)学(がく) (kikakōgaku)
幾(き)何(か)公(こう)理(り) (kika kōri)
幾(き)何(か)数(すう)列(れつ) (kika sūretsu)
幾(き)何(か)中(ちゅう)項(こう) (kika chūkō)
幾(き)何(か)平(へい)均(きん) (kika heikin)
幾(き)何(か)模(も)様(よう) (kika moyō)
位(い)相(そう)幾(き)何(か) (isō kika, “topology”)
代(だい)数(すう)幾(き)何(か) (daisū kika, “algebraic geometry”)
直(ちょっ)観(かん)幾(き)何(か) (chokkan kika)
微(び)分(ぶん)幾(き)何(か) (bibun kika, “differential geometry”)
ユークリッド幾(き)何(か) (Yūkuriddo kika, “Euclidean geometry”)
リーマン幾(き)何(か) (Rīman kika, “Riemannian geometry”)
論(ろん)証(しょう)幾(き)何(か) (ronshō kika)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
幾	何
いく Grade: S	ばく Grade: 2
kun’yomi	irregular

For pronunciation and definitions of 幾何 – see the following entry.

【幾許いくばく】

[adverb] how much, how many

[adverb] as in 幾許か, few, a little bit

[adverb] (followed by negative) a little bit, not much

Alternative spellings
幾何, 幾ばく

(This term, 幾何, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Usage notes

The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 幾何／几何 (jǐhé).

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
幾	何

Adjective

幾何

chữ Hán form of kỉ hà (“geometric”).

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[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN