弩

弩	U+5F29, 弩 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F29

← 弨
[U+5F28]

CJK Unified Ideographs

弪 →
[U+5F2A]

Translingual

Han character

弩 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 女水弓 (VEN), four-corner 4720₇, composition ⿱奴弓)

References

KangXi: page 358, character 3

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9760

Dae Jaweon: page 674, character 17

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 994, character 5

Unihan data for U+5F29

Chinese

trad.		弩
simp. ^#		弩

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (女) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
拿	*rnaː
拏	*rnaː
詉	*rnaː
蒘	rnaː, na
笯	rnaː, naː, *naːs
挐	rnaː, na
絮	rnaːs, nas, snas, nas
呶	*rnaːw
怓	*rnaːw
帑	n̥ʰaːŋʔ, naː
奴	*naː
砮	naː, naːʔ
駑	*naː
孥	*naː
努	*naːʔ
弩	*naːʔ
怒	naːʔ, naːs
袽	*na
帤	*na
女	naʔ, nas
籹	*naʔ
恕	*hnjas
如	nja, njas
茹	nja, njaʔ, *njas
洳	nja, njas
鴽	*nja
蕠	*nja
汝	*njaʔ
肗	*njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *naːʔ) : phonetic 奴 (OC *naː) + semantic 弓 (“bow”).

Etymology

Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-na (“crossbow”), whence Drung tana, Naxi daqna.

Unger (1990) suggests a derivation from 努 (OC *naːʔ, “to tense; to exert”), as the crossbow shoots arrows by releasing elastic potential energy stored in its limbs. Ferlus (1999) cites Gernet's opinion that 砮 (OC *naː, *naːʔ, “stone arrow-tip”) had been semantically extended to mean the whole crossbow.

More likely, 弩 (OC *naːʔ) and Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-na were Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman renditions of a Mainland Southeast Asian Wanderwort (Ratliff, 2010), possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Norman and Mei, 1976; Benedict, 1990; Schuessler, 2007). Compare other MSEA lexical items meaning "crossbow":

Proto-Mon-Khmer *snaʔ, whence Vietnamese ná, Khmer ស្នា (snaa);
Proto-Hmong-Mien *nhaᴮ, whence White Hmong hneev, Iu Mien hnaav;
Proto-Tai *ʰnwɯəꟲ, whence Thai หน้าไม้ (nâa-máai), Lao ໜ້າໄມ້ (nā mai), Lü ᦐᦱᧉᦺᦙᧉ (ṅaa²may²).

Also compare Proto-Austronesian *panaq (“to shoot (an arrow)”) (cf. Proto-Mon-Khmer *paɲʔ) whence Malay panah, Tagalog panà, Hawaiian pana.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǔ (nu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): nou⁵
Min Nan (POJ): ló͘ / nó͘ / lō͘ / lǒ͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nǔ
  - Wade–Giles: nu³
  - Yale: nǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nuu
  - Palladius: ну (nu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nu²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: nou⁵
  - Yale: nóuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: nou⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: nou⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nou̯¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ló͘
  - Tâi-lô: lóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lor
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nó͘
  - Tâi-lô: nóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: nor
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /nɔ̃⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lō͘
  - Tâi-lô: lōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lɔ²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lǒ͘
  - Tâi-lô: lǒo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔ²²/

Middle Chinese: /nuo^X/

Rime
Character	弩
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	奴古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/nuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/no^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nɔ^X/
Li Rong	/no^X/
Wang Li	/nu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/nuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nou⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.nˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*naːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	弩
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ nu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*C.nˁaʔ/
English	crossbow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	弩
Reading #	1/1
No.	9607
Phonetic component	女
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	怒
Old Chinese	/*naːʔ/

Definitions

弩

crossbow

Compounds

幰弩 (xiǎnnǔ)
弓弩 (gōngnǔ)
弩弓
弩手 (nǔshǒu)
弩末
弩箙
弩箭
璅弩

踏弩
劍拔弩張／剑拔弩张 (jiànbánǔzhāng)
勁弩／劲弩
弩張劍拔／弩张剑拔
弩機／弩机
弩砲／弩炮
弩箭離絃／弩箭离弦
張眉弩眼／张眉弩眼

強弓硬弩／强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
強弩／强弩
強弩之末／强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
彊弩之末／强弩之末
搭弩張弓／搭弩张弓
硬弩強弓／硬弩强弓
負弩／负弩
負弩先驅／负弩先驱

Japanese

Kanji

弩

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

crossbow
one of abbreviations for loanwords whose transcription begin with the syllable ド (Do). Especially, dreadnought.
- 1916, Machida Shiro, 獨逸戰前の真相, Waseda University Press, page 129:
  獨逸に於ける最初の弩級戦艦はナッサウ、エストファーレンの二艦である
  The first dreadnought-class battleships in Germany are Nassau and Westfalen

Readings

Go-on: ぬ (nu); の (no)
Kan-on: ど (do)
Kun: いしゆみ (ishiyumi, 弩); おおゆみ (ōyumi, 弩)^{←おほゆみ (ofoyumi, 弩, historical)}

Definitions

Kanji in this term
弩
おおゆみ Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 弩 – see the following entry.

【大弓おおゆみ】

[noun] a longbow, a great bow

[noun] (historical) a large stonebow

(This term, 弩, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

弩 • (no) (hangeul 노, revised no, McCune–Reischauer no, Yale no)

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Vietnamese

Han character

弩: Hán Nôm readings: nỏ, nỗ, ná, nõ

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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