得る
Japanese
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 得 |
| え Grade: 5 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 獲 (uncommon) |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.[1]
Pronunciation
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "得る"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
得る | える | [éꜜrù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得ろ | えろ | [éꜜrò] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 得られる | えられる | [èráréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 得させる | えさせる | [èsáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 得る | える | [éꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 得よう | えよー | [èyóꜜò] |
| Negative | 得ない | えない | [éꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 得なかった | えなかった | [éꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 得ます | えます | [èmáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 得た | えた | [éꜜtà] |
| Conjunctive | 得て | えて | [éꜜtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | えれば | [éꜜrèbà] |
Verb
得る • (eru) transitive ichidan (stem 得 (e), past 得た (eta))
- [from 759] to get, acquire, gain, obtain, win, catch
- [from 1073] (following a verb in the attributive conjugation plus particle を (o) or abstract noun 事 (koto, “fact, instance, occurrence”)) to be able to, can (compare English get to do)
- [from 1073] (by extension; in the form ざるを得ない (-zaru o enai) following the imperfective form of a verb) cannot help but doing, cannot but do
Conjugation
Conjugation of "得る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 得 | え | e | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 得 | え | e | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 得る | える | eru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 得る | える | eru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 得れ | えれ | ere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 得よ¹ 得ろ² |
えよ¹ えろ² |
eyo¹ ero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 得られる | えられる | erareru | |
| Causative | 得させる 得さす |
えさせる えさす |
esaseru esasu | |
| Potential | 得られる 得れる³ |
えられる えれる³ |
erareru ereru³ | |
| Volitional | 得よう | えよう | eyō | |
| Negative | 得ない 得ぬ 得ん |
えない えぬ えん |
enai enu en | |
| Negative continuative | 得ず | えず | ezu | |
| Formal | 得ます | えます | emasu | |
| Perfective | 得た | えた | eta | |
| Conjunctive | 得て | えて | ete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | えれば | ereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
Classical conjugation of "得" (ア行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
| Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
| Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
| Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
| Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
| Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
Suffix
得る • (-uru)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "得る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
| Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
| Terminal (終止形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得よ¹ 得ろ² |
えよ¹ えろ² |
eyo¹ ero² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 得られる | えられる | erareru |
| Causative | 得させる 得さす |
えさせる えさす |
esaseru esasu |
| Potential | 得られる 得れる³ |
えられる えれる³ |
erareru ereru³ |
| Volitional | 得よう | えよう | eyō |
| Negative | 得ない 得ぬ 得ん |
えない えぬ えん |
enai enu en |
| Negative continuative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
| Formal | 得ます | えます | emasu |
| Perfective | 得た | えた | eta |
| Conjunctive | 得て | えて | ete |
| Hypothetical conditional | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
Classical conjugation of "得" (ア行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
| Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
| Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
| Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
| Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
| Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
| Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
References
- “得・獲”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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