苦菜

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	dish (type of food); vegetables
trad. (苦菜)		苦	菜
simp. ^#(苦菜)		苦	菜

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔcài

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄘㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² coi³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fú-chhoi
Min Nan (POJ): khó͘-chhài

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔcài
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄘㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔcài
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-tsʻai⁴
  - Yale: kǔ-tsài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuutsay
  - Palladius: куцай (kucaj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² coi³
  - Yale: fú choi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² tsoi³
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² coi³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fú-chhoi
  - Hakka Romanization System: fu` coi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fu³ coi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fu³¹ t͡sʰoi̯⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-chhài
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-tshài
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofzhaix
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰai⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰai²¹/

Middle Chinese: /kʰuo^X|kʰuo^H t͡sʰʌi^H/

Rime
Character	苦	苦	菜
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	模 (23)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	康杜切	苦故切	倉代切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuo^X/	/kʰuo^H/	/t͡sʰʌi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuo^X/	/kʰuo^H/	/t͡sʰəi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰo^X/	/kʰo^H/	/t͡sʰɒi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɔ^X/	/kʰɔ^H/	/t͡sʰəj^H/
Li Rong	/kʰo^X/	/kʰo^H/	/t͡sʰᴀi^H/
Wang Li	/kʰu^X/	/kʰu^H/	/t͡sʰɒi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuo^X/	/kʰuo^H/	/t͡sʰɑ̆i^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǔ	kù	cài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu²	fu³	coi³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ s.r̥ˤəʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ|kʰaːs sʰɯːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	苦	菜
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǔ	cài
Middle Chinese	‹ khu^X ›	‹ tshoj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁaʔ/	/*s.r̥ˁəʔ-s/
English	bitter	vegetables
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苦	苦	菜
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	4242	4243	1076
Phonetic component	古	古	采
Rime group	魚	魚	之
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	苦	絝	菜
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːʔ/	/*kʰaːs/	/*sʰɯːs/

Noun

苦菜

(literally) bitter vegetable
common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
Alternative name for 敗醬／败酱.

Synonyms

(bitter vegetable): (literary) 苦荼 (kǔtú)

See also

苦苦菜

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	菜
Grade: 3	Grade: 4
irregular

For pronunciation and definitions of 苦菜 – see the following entries.

【ニガナ】	[noun] toothed ixeridium, Ixeridium dentatum Alternative spellings 苦菜, 黄瓜菜, にがな
【ノゲシ】	[noun] sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus Alternative spellings 野芥子, 野罌粟, 苦菜

(This term, 苦菜, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

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