故

故 U+6545, 故
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6545
← 敄
[U+6544]
CJK Unified Ideographs 敆 →
[U+6546]

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

故 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十口人大 (JROK), four-corner 48640, composition ⿰古攵)

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 469, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13161
  • Dae Jaweon: page 820, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1453, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6545

Chinese

simp. and trad.
故

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 故
Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːs) : phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) + semantic 攵.

Etymology 1

Derivative of 古 (OC *kaːʔ, “old”). The sense “cause, reason” may be related to (“thing or person of former times”), or the same word as 固 (OC *kaːs, “solid, secure, sure”) (Schuessler 2007, apud Pulleyblank 1989).

Pronunciation


Note: gu7 - “old, original”.

Rime
Character 故
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古暮切
Baxter kuH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kuoH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kuoH/
Shao
Rongfen
/koH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kɔH/
Li
Rong
/koH/
Wang
Li
/kuH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
gù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gu3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 故 故
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gù gù
Middle
Chinese
‹ kuH › ‹ kuH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁa(ʔ)-s/ /*kˁaʔ-s/
English fact; reason old (not new)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 故
Reading # 1/1
No. 4228
Phonetic
component
古
Rime
group
魚
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
顧
Old
Chinese
/*kaːs/

Definitions

故

  1. old; of the past
  2. cause; reason
    緣故/缘故  ―  yuángù  ―  reason
  3. accident; misfortune; unexpected event
  4. past things; antiquity
  5. old friend; good friend; close friend
  6. to die; to pass away
    已故  ―  yǐgù  ―  deceased [lit. has passed away]
  7. deceased; dead
  8. formerly; originally
  9. intentionally; deliberately
  10. still; as before
  11. therefore; so
    我思故我在  ―  wǒ sī gù wǒ zài  ―  I think, therefore I am
    故名「北京」  ―  gù míng “běijīng”  ―  hence the name "Northern Capital"
Synonyms
  • (to die):
  • (therefore; so):
Compounds
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (故):
  • → Japanese: 故(こ) (ko)
  • → Korean: 고(故) (go)
  • → Vietnamese: cố (故)

Others:

Pronunciation

Definitions

故

  1. (Cantonese) Alternative form of 古 (“story”).

Japanese

Kanji

故

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. happenstance
  2. old, past
  3. therefore
  4. late (deceased)

Readings

  • Go-on: く (ku)
  • Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ゆえ (yue, 故, Jōyō); こと (koto); ことさらに (kotosarani, 故に)

Compounds

Kanji in this term
故
こ
Grade: 5
kan’on

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ko̞]

Prefix

故(こ) • (ko-) 

  1. the deceased, late

Affix

故(こ) • (ko) 

  1. old; past; former

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 故 (MC kuoH). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: kwo) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

  • (in 고향 (故鄕, gohyang)):
  • (old; cause; accident; etc.):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ko̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [고(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 故 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))

  1. Hanja form? of 고 (“old; ancient”).
  2. Hanja form? of 고 (“cause; reason”).
  3. Hanja form? of 고 (“accident; unexpected event”).
  4. Hanja form? of 고 (“late (deceased)”).
    故 노태우, 내일 국가장
    Go no-taeU, naeil gukgajang
    The state funeral for the late Roh Tae-woo will be tomorrow

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

故: Hán Nôm readings: cố, cớ

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