苦
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
Mainland China and Japan | |||
Han character
苦 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+6 in traditional Chinese, 艸+5 in mainland China and Japanese, 9 strokes in traditional Chinese, 8 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 廿十口 (TJR), four-corner 44604, composition ⿱艹古)
References
- KangXi: page 1023, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30797
- Dae Jaweon: page 1482, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3186, character 2
- Unihan data for U+82E6
- Unihan data for U+2F996
Chinese
| trad. | 苦 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 苦 | |
| alternative forms | 𡿵 𩇵 瘔 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 苦 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 箇 | *kaːls |
| 個 | *kaːls |
| 居 | *kɯ, *kas |
| 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː |
| 嫴 | *kaː |
| 姑 | *kaː |
| 辜 | *kaː |
| 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ |
| 蛄 | *kaː |
| 鴣 | *kaː |
| 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs |
| 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ |
| 古 | *kaːʔ |
| 罟 | *kaːʔ |
| 估 | *kaːʔ |
| 鈷 | *kaːʔ |
| 詁 | *kaːʔ |
| 牯 | *kaːʔ |
| 故 | *kaːs |
| 固 | *kaːs |
| 稒 | *kaːɡs |
| 痼 | *kaːɡs |
| 錮 | *kaːɡs |
| 鯝 | *kaːɡs |
| 棝 | *kaːɡs |
| 凅 | *kaːɡs |
| 枯 | *kʰaː |
| 軲 | *kʰaː |
| 跍 | *kʰaː |
| 骷 | *kʰaː |
| 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs |
| 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː |
| 餬 | *ɡaː |
| 瑚 | *ɡaː |
| 湖 | *ɡaː |
| 鶘 | *ɡaː |
| 猢 | *ɡaː |
| 醐 | *ɡaː |
| 糊 | *ɡaː |
| 箶 | *ɡaː |
| 蝴 | *ɡaː |
| 胡 | *ɡaː |
| 瓳 | *ɡaː |
| 怙 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 祜 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 岵 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs |
| 楛 | *ɡaːʔ |
| 据 | *ka |
| 裾 | *ka |
| 琚 | *ka |
| 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa |
| 鶋 | *ka |
| 蜛 | *ka |
| 崌 | *ka |
| 涺 | *ka |
| 腒 | *ka, *ɡa |
| 鋸 | *kas |
| 倨 | *kas |
| 踞 | *kas |
| 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ) – bitter (as in bitter plants).
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ka. Cognate with 肝 (OC *kaːn, “liver”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
苦
- bitter
- 苦瓜 ― kǔguā ― bittermelon
- Alternative name for 荼 (tú, “bitter plant”).
- difficult; painful; hard
- hardship; suffering
- 辛苦 ― xīnkǔ ― laborious; hard; miserable
- (regional) excessive
- (transitive) to cause someone suffering; to give someone a hard time
- to suffer from; to be handicapped by
- 魏武曰：「人苦無足，既得隴右，復欲得蜀！」 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: 648 CE, Fang Xuanling (lead editor), Book of Jin
- Wèi Wǔ yuē: “Rén kǔ wúzú, jì dé Lǒngyòu, fù yù dé Shǔ!” [Pinyin]
- (Emperor) Wu of Wei said: "Men suffer from insatiability, already having Longyou yet still wanting to get Shu!"
魏武曰：“人苦无足，既得陇右，复欲得蜀！” [Literary Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete or Min Dong) to worry about; to be concerned about
- strenuously; painstakingly
- 苦笑 ― kǔxiào ― to force a smile
Synonyms
Synonyms of 苦
Descendants
Compounds
Derived terms from 苦
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Pronunciation
Further reading
- “Entry #5470”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Kanji
苦
Readings
Korean
Vietnamese
Alternative forms
- 𦹵
- 𦹯
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