茫然

Chinese

	vague; vast	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (茫然)	茫	然
simp. ^#(茫然)	茫	然
alternative forms	芒然汒然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mángrán

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄤˊ ㄖㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mong⁴ jin⁴
Min Nan (POJ): bông-liân / bông-jiân / bâng-liân / bâng-jiân

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mángrán
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄤˊ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mángrán
  - Wade–Giles: mang²-jan²
  - Yale: máng-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mangran
  - Palladius: манжань (manžanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɑŋ³⁵ ʐän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: mong⁴ jin⁴
  - Yale: mòhng yìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mong⁴ jin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: mong⁴ yin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔːŋ²¹ jiːn²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-liân
  - Tâi-lô: bông-liân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bonglieen
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bông-jiân
  - Tâi-lô: bông-jiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bongjieen
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bɔŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ʑiɛn¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɔŋ²³⁻³³ ʑiɛn²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng-liân
  - Tâi-lô: bâng-liân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: banglieen
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /baŋ²⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng-jiân
  - Tâi-lô: bâng-jiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: bangjieen
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /baŋ¹³⁻²² d͡ʑiɛn¹³/

Middle Chinese: /mɑŋ ȵiᴇn/

Rime
Character	茫	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	莫郎切	如延切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɑŋ/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/mɑŋ/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/mɑŋ/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/maŋ/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/mɑŋ/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/mɑŋ/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/mɑŋ/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	máng	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mong⁴	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*maːŋ njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	然
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[n]a[n]/
English	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	茫	然
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12641	10756
Phonetic component	亡	肰
Rime group	陽	元
Rime subdivision	0	2
Corresponding MC rime	茫	然
Old Chinese	/*maːŋ/	/*njen/
Notes	見漢書

Adjective

茫然

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (茫然):

→ Japanese: 茫然(ぼうぜん) (bōzen)
→ Korean: 망연(茫然) (mang'yeon)
→ Vietnamese: mang nhiên (茫然)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
茫	然
ぼう Hyōgaiji	ぜん Grade: 4
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
ぼう然

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) ぼーぜん [bòózéń] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [bo̞ːzẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

茫(ぼう)然(ぜん) • (bōzen) ^†-tari (adnominal 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)たる (bōzen taru), adverbial 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)と (bōzen to) or 茫(ぼう)然(ぜん)として (bōzen to shite))

clueless

Korean

Hanja in this term
茫	然

Noun

茫然 • (mang-yeon) (hangeul 망연)

Hanja form^? of 망연 (“clueless”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
茫	然

Adjective

茫然

chữ Hán form of mang nhiên (“clueless”).

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