元

See also: 兀, 示, and 亓

元	U+5143, 元 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5143

← 兂
[U+5142]

CJK Unified Ideographs

兄 →
[U+5144]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

元 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一一山 (MMU), four-corner 1021₁, composition ⿱一兀 or ⿱二儿)

Derived characters

References

KangXi: page 123, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1340
Dae Jaweon: page 258, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 264, character 6
Unihan data for U+5143

Chinese

simp. and trad.		元

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 元

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Liushutong (compiled in Ming)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

Transcribed ancient scripts

**Oracle bone script**
j00003	j00004	j00005	j00006	j00007	j00008	j00009	j00010
j00011	j00012	j00013	j00014

**Bronze inscriptions**
b00016	b00017	b00018	b00019	b00020	b00021	b00022	b00023
b00024	b00025	b00026	b00027	b00028	b00029	b00030	b00031
b00032	b00033	b00034	b00035	b00036	b00037	b00038	b00039
b00040	b00041	b00042	b00043	b00044	b00045	b00046	b00047
b00048	b00049	b00050	b00051	b00052

**Small seal script**
s00003

**Transcribed ancient scripts**
L32110	L32111	L32112	L32113	L32114	L07440	L07442	L07443
L07444	L07445	L07446	L07447	L07448	L07449	L07450	L07451
L07452	L07453	L07454

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (元) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
冠	kŋoːn, kŋoːns
莞	kŋoːn, ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋroːnʔ
脘	*ŋkoːnʔ
筦	*ŋkoːnʔ
梡	ŋ̊ʰoːnʔ, ɦŋoːn, *ɦŋoːnʔ
岏	*ŋoːn
刓	*ŋoːn
园	*ŋoːn
忨	ŋoːn, ŋoːns
蚖	ŋoːn, ŋon
黿	ŋoːn, ŋon
抏	*ŋoːn
玩	*ŋoːns
貦	*ŋoːns
翫	*ŋoːns
妧	*ŋoːns
完	*ɦŋoːn
捖	*ɦŋoːn
垸	ɦŋoːn, ɦŋoːns
綄	ɦŋoːn, ɦŋoːnʔ
院	ɦŋoːn, ɦŋons
皖	ɦŋoːnʔ, ɦŋroːnʔ
晥	*ɦŋoːnʔ
浣	*ɦŋoːnʔ
頑	ŋroːn, ŋroːn
睆	*ɦŋroːnʔ
鯇	*ɦŋroːnʔ
元	*ŋon
沅	*ŋon
芫	*ŋon
杬	*ŋon
邧	ŋon, ŋonʔ
阮	ŋon, ŋonʔ
俒	ɦŋuːn, ɦŋuːns

Pictogram (象形) – a figure with two lines 二 for a head (one connected to body, one above it), emphasizing the head.

Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-gaw (“head”), with a noun-forming suffix *-n (Schuessler, 2003; STEDT). If so, cognate with 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, “ruler; lord; queen”), Tibetan མགོ (mgo, “head; summit; beginning”), མགོན (mgon, “protector; master; lord”), Garo sko (“skull”), Northern Tujia kho⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ (“head”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “source; origin; basic; primary”) and 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) may be the same word (Schuessler, 2007). It may also be related to 君 (OC *klun, “lord; prince; ruler”), 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ, “magistrate; governor”), 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “marquis”) (Mei, 1985).

The name of the dynasty comes from the I Ching:

大哉乾元，萬物資始，乃統天。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]

大哉干元，万物资始，乃统天。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: I Ching, 11^th – 8^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Dà zāi qián yuán, wànwù zī shǐ, nǎi tǒng tiān. [Pinyin]

Vast is the ‘great and originating (power)’ indicated by Qian! All things owe to it their beginning: - it contains all the meaning belonging to (the name) heaven.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ

(Chengdu, SP): yuan²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йүан (yüan, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyun⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngun³
Gan (Wiktionary): nyyon⁴ / yon⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngièn / ngiàn

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngian²
Jin (Wiktionary): ye¹
Min Bei (KCR): ngṳ̂ing
Min Dong (BUC): nguòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): goân

(Teochew, Peng'im): nguang⁵ / nguêng⁵ / ngang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): ³nyoe; ³hhyoe
Xiang (Wiktionary): yenn²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
  - Wade–Giles: yüan²
  - Yale: ywán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
  - Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yuan²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yan²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йүан (yüan, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yæ̃²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jyun⁴
  - Yale: yùhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jyn⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yun⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyːn²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngun³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡun²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyyon⁴ / yon⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲyɵn³⁵/, /yɵn³⁵/

Note:

nyyon4 - vernacular;
yon4 - literary.

Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngièn
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian²
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngianˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian²
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯an¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngian²
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲian¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ye¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ye¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̂ing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyiŋ³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nguòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋuoŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goân
  - Tâi-lô: guân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: goaan
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /ɡuan²¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ɡuan²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡuan¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡuan²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nguang⁵ / nguêng⁵ / ngang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nguâng / nguêng / ngâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋueŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

nguang5 - Shantou;
nguêng5 - Chaozhou;
ngang5 - used in 開元.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³nyoe; ³hhyoe
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲø²³/, /ɦyø²³/

Note:

3nyoe - vernacular;
3hhyoe - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: yenn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yẽ¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 元
Mandarin	Beijing	/yan³⁵/
	Harbin	/yan²⁴/
	Tianjin	/yan⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/yã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/yã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/yan⁴²/
	Xi'an	/yã²⁴/
	Xining	/yã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/yan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/yɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/yan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/yɛn²¹³/
	Chengdu	/yan³¹/
	Guiyang	/ian²¹/
	Kunming	/iɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/yen²⁴/
	Hefei	/yĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ye¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ye̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/ye³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵyø²³/ /ɦyø²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiø¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦyõ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵy³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ue⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵyɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/yẽ¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/yẽ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵyɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋian¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋien¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jyn²¹/
	Nanning	/yn²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jyn²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/guan³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/ŋuoŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/ŋyiŋ³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/zuaŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: /ŋʉɐn/

Rime
Character	元
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	愚袁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋʉɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋuan/
Li Rong	/ŋiuɐn/
Wang Li	/ŋĭwɐn/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi̯wɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]o[r]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋon/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	元
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjwon ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]o[r]/ (< nasal + uvular)
English	head; first
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	元
Reading #	1/1
No.	16145
Phonetic component	元
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	元
Old Chinese	/*ŋon/

Definitions

元

^† head
- 狄人歸元，三軍悽愴。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  狄人归元，三军凄怆。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 578, Yu Xin, The Lament for the South (《哀江南賦》)
  Dí rén guī yuán, sānjūn qīchuàng. [Pinyin]
  The barbaric enemy returned his decapitated head, and every soldier grieved in deep sorrow.
first; primary; head; chief
basic; fundamental
origin; source
Synonym: 原 (yuán)
meta-
Classifier for yuan or dollars.
(mathematics) variable; unknown; element
消元法 ― xiāoyuánfǎ ― method of elimination (literally, “method of eliminating matrix elements”)

立天元一 [Classical Chinese] ― lì tiānyuán yī [Pinyin] ― Let x be the unknown variable in the equation.

主元 ― zhǔyuán ― pivot
(mathematics) element (an infinitesimal interval of a quantity, a differential)
線元／线元 ― xiànyuán ― line element
(～朝) Yuan Dynasty
元曲 ― yuánqū ― Yuan dynasty theater
(～日) (telegraphy) the thirteenth day of a month
a surname
元好問／元好问 ― Yuán Hàowèn ― Yuan Haowen (Jin dynasty poet)
(Taoism) kalpa, a cosmic or supreme cycle of 129,000 years

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 頭 (“head”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		首, 元, 頭, 元首
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		頭, 頭部, 頭顱, 頭腦
Mandarin	Beijing	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦袋瓜子, 腦殼兒, 腦殼, 腦瓜兒, 腦瓜子, 老屋子
	Taiwan	頭, 腦袋
	Tianjin	頭, 腦袋, 腦瓜子, 腦瓜兒, 腦袋瓜子, 腦袋瓜兒
	Chengde	頭, 腦袋瓜兒
	Tangshan	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦瓜兒
	Cangzhou	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦殼兒
	Baoding	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Shijiazhuang	頭, 腦袋
	Ulanhot	腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Tongliao	腦袋
	Chifeng	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Bayanhot	頭, 腦袋
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Heihe	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦瓜兒, 腦瓜子
	Qiqihar	頭, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦瓜兒
	Harbin	頭, 腦殼兒, 腦殼子, 腦子, 腦瓜兒, 腦瓜子, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦袋瓜子
	Jiamusi	頭, 腦瓜兒, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Baicheng	頭, 腦瓜兒, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Changchun	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Tonghua	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Shenyang	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Dandong	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Jinzhou	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Dalian	頭
	Yantai	頭
	Yantai (Muping)	頭, 腦袋瓜子 derogatory
	Qingdao	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Lijin	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Zhucheng	頭
	Jinan	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子, 腦瓜子, 腦瓜兒
	Jining	頭
	Luoyang	頭, 低腦
	Wanrong	得腦
	Shangqiu	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦瓜兒
	Yuanyang	頭, 腦袋, 腦瓜兒
	Zhengzhou	頭, 腦袋
	Kaifeng	腦袋
	Lingbao	頭
	Xinyang	頭
	Baihe	頭, 腦袋, 腦瓜兒
	Hanzhong	頭, 腦袋, 腦殼
	Xi'an	𦠿, 頭, 腦袋, 脊囊
	Baoji	頭, 多腦
	Yinchuan	頭
	Tianshui	頭, 多腦
	Lanzhou	頭, 頭蛋骨, 得勒 derogatory
	Dunhuang	頭, 腦瓜子, 腦勺, 腦勺殼子
	Xining	頭, 腦袋, 朵落
	Hami	頭, 腦袋
	Ürümqi	頭, 腦瓜子
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	頭
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	頭
	Wuhan	頭, 腦殼, 腦瓜子
	Yichang	腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Xiangyang	頭, 腦袋, 腦殼
	Tianmen	頭, 腦袋, 腦殼
	Hong'an	頭, 腦殼, 腦袋
	Chengdu	腦殼
	Nanchong	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Dazhou	腦殼
	Hanyuan	腦殼
	Xichang	腦殼, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒
	Zigong	頭, 腦殼
	Chongqing	腦殼, 沙罐兒
Guiyang	腦殼
Zunyi	腦袋, 腦殼兒
Bijie	腦殼
Liping	腦袋, 腦殼
Zhaotong	腦殼
Dali	腦殼
Kunming	頭, 腦殼, 腦袋
Mengzi	頭, 腦殼
Guilin	頭, 腦殼
Liuzhou	頭, 頭殼, 腦殼
Tianlin (Langping)	腦殼
Jishou	頭, 腦殼
Changde	腦殼
Anqing	頭, 腦袋瓜
Xuzhou	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子, 棗木 dated, humorous
Fuyang	頭, 腦袋
Wuhu	頭
Yangzhou	頭
Lianyungang	頭
Lianshui	頭, 腦袋瓜子
Xinghua	頭
Nanjing	頭, 頭兒
Hefei	頭
Nantong	頭
Singapore	頭
Mae Salong (Lancang)	頭, 腦袋
Mae Sai (Tengchong)	頭, 腦袋
Olginsky (Mikhaylovka)	腦袋
Cantonese	Guangzhou	頭, 頭殼
	Hong Kong	頭, 頭殼
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	頭殼
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	頭殼
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	頭
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	頭
	Macau	頭
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	頭, 頭殼
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	頭
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	頭
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	頭, 頭殼
	Foshan	頭, 頭殼
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	頭
	Foshan (Shunde)	頭
	Foshan (Sanshui)	頭殼
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	頭
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	頭
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	頭
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	頭
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	頭, 頭殼
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	頭
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	頭
	Taishan	頭
	Kaiping (Chikan)	頭
	Enping (Niujiang)	頭
	Heshan (Yayao)	頭
	Dongguan	腦殼, 頭
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	頭殼
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	頭
	Qingyuan	頭
	Fogang	頭
	Yingde (Hanguang)	頭殼
	Yangshan	頭
	Lianshan (Butian)	頭
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	頭
	Shaoguan	頭, 頭殼
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	頭
	Renhua	頭乸殼
	Lechang	頭
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	頭
	Sihui	頭
	Guangning	頭
	Deqing	頭
	Huaiji	頭, 羅殼
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	頭
	Yunfu	頭, 頭殼
	Xinxing	頭, 頭殼
	Luoding	頭
	Yunan (Pingtai)	頭
	Yangjiang	頭殼
	Xinyi	頭, 頭殼
	Maoming (Xinpo)	頭, 頭殼
	Lianjiang	頭, 頭殼
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	頭
	Nanning	頭, 頭殼
	Wuzhou	頭
	Yulin	頭, 頭殼
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	頭殼
	Hepu (Shatian)	頭骨
	Guiping	頭
	Mengshan (Xihe)	頭
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	頭
	Baise	頭
	Bobai	頭
Lingshan	頭
Pubei	頭
Qinzhou	頭
Beihai	頭
Beihai (Nankang)	頭殼
Beihai (Yingpan)	頭殼
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	頭
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	頭
Ningming	頭
Hengzhou	頭
Hezhou (Pumen)	頭
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	頭
Sanya (Yanglan Maihua)	頭
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	頭
Singapore (Guangfu)	頭
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	頭
Móng Cái	頭
Gan	Nanchang	頭, 腦蓋
	Lichuan	頭, 腦
	Pingxiang	腦殼
Hakka	Meixian	頭那
	Xingning	頭那
	Dabu (Xihe)	頭那
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	頭, 頭那, 頭殼
	Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua)	頭那, 頭
	Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua)	頭那, 頭
	Huiyang	頭那
	Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua)	頭那, 頭
	Huidong (Daling)	頭那
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	頭那
	Longmen (Pingling Bendihua)	頭那
	Longmen (Luxi Bendihua)	頭那, 頭
	Boluo (Bendihua)	頭, 那殼
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	頭那
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	頭
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	頭那
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	頭那, 頭
	Wuhua (Changbu)	頭那
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	頭那
	Wuhua (Meilin)	頭那
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	頭, 頭那
	Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua)	頭那
	Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua)	頭, 頭那
	Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua)	頭那
	Heping (Linzhai Bendihua)	頭那
	Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua)	頭那
	Lianping (Longjie Bendihua)	頭, 頭那
	Wengyuan	頭那
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	頭那
	Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua)	頭, 頭那
	Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua)	頭那, 頭
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	頭那
	Liannan	頭
	Conghua (Lütian)	頭
	Jiexi	頭那
	Luhe	頭那
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	頭那
	Changting	頭那
	Wuping	頭那
	Wuping (Yanqian)	頭那
	Wuping (Pingyu)	頭那
	Liancheng	頭那
	Ninghua	腦殼
	Yudu	頭, 腦蓋, 腦殼
	Ningdu	腦蓋
	Ruijin	腦蓋, 頭那殼
	Shicheng	腦蓋, 腦殼
	Shangyou (Shexi)	腦蓋
	Tonggu (Sandu)	頭那
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	腦蓋
	Dayu	腦骨窠
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	頭那
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	頭那
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	頭那
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	頭那
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	頭那
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	頭那
	Hong Kong	頭那
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	頭
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	頭殼
	Xinyi (Sihe)	頭
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	頭
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	頭, 頭殼
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	頭殼
Huazhou (Xin'an)	頭殼
Lianjiang (Shijiao)	頭殼
Lianjiang (Qingping)	頭殼
Mengshan (Xihe)	頭腦
Luchuan	頭殼
Luchuan (Daqiao)	頭
Bobai (Shahe)	頭, 頭殼
Beiliu (Tang'an)	頭那
Mashan (Pianlian)	頭那
Sabah (Longchuan)	頭那
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu)	頭那
Senai (Huiyang)	頭那
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	頭
Singkawang	頭那
Singapore (Meixian)	頭那
Singapore (Dabu)	頭那
Huizhou	Jixi	頭, 腦殼
Huizhou	Shexian	頭, 頭腦殼
Jin	Taiyuan	得腦, 頭, 腦袋, 乾骷髏 derogatory, 骷髏 derogatory
	Pingyao	得腦
	Yangyuan	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦瓜兒
	Datong	頭, 腦袋
	Xinzhou	得腦, 頭, 腦袋
	Lishi	腦袋, 腦袋瓜兒, 腦
	Linfen	得腦
	Changzhi	頭, 腦袋, 得腦
	Taibus (Baochang)	頭
	Linhe	頭, 腦袋, 得腦
	Jining	頭, 腦袋
	Hohhot	頭, 腦袋, 得腦
	Baotou	腦袋
	Dongsheng	頭
	Haibowan	腦袋
	Erenhot	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Pingshan	頭, 腦袋瓜兒
	Zhangjiakou	頭, 腦袋
	Handan	頭, 腦袋, 腦袋瓜子
	Linzhou	頭, 得腦哦
	Suide	頭, 腦
Min Bei	Jian'ou	頭
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	頭
	Songxi	頭
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	頭
	Jianyang	頭
	Wuyishan	腦殼
	Pucheng (Shibei)	頭
Min Dong	Fuzhou	頭, 頭腦, 頭首
	Lianjiang	頭
	Fuqing	頭
	Gutian	頭
	Pingnan	頭
	Fu'an	頭
	Ningde	頭子
	Xiapu	頭
	Shouning	頭
	Zhouning	頭
	Fuding	頭
	Matsu	頭, 頭首
Min Nan	Xiamen	頭, 頭殼
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	頭殼
	Quanzhou	頭, 頭殼
	Jinjiang	頭殼
	Hui'an	頭殼
	Anxi	頭殼
	Yongchun	頭殼
	Dehua	頭殼
	Zhangzhou	頭, 頭殼
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	頭殼
	Hua'an	頭殼
	Pinghe	頭殼
	Zhangpu	頭殼
	Yunxiao	頭碗
	Zhao'an	頭殼
	Dongshan	頭
	Taipei	頭, 頭殼
	Taipei (Wanhua)	頭殼
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	頭, 頭殼
	Kaohsiung	頭, 頭殼
	Yilan	頭, 頭殼
	Changhua (Lukang)	頭, 頭殼
	Taichung	頭殼
	Taichung (Wuqi)	頭殼
	Tainan	頭, 頭殼
	Taitung	頭殼
	Hsinchu	頭殼
	Kinmen	頭殼
	Penghu (Magong)	頭殼
	Penang (Hokkien)	頭, 頭殼
	Singapore (Hokkien)	頭, 頭殼
	Manila (Hokkien)	頭, 頭殼
	Longyan	頭殼
	Datian	頭殼
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	頭
	Chaozhou	頭殼
	Shantou	頭殼, 頭, 腦殼
	Shantou (Chenghai)	頭殼
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	頭, 頭殼
	Jieyang	頭, 頭殼
	Lufeng	頭殼
	Haifeng	頭, 頭殼, 頭殼顱
	Bangkok (Teochew)	頭
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	頭
	Singapore (Teochew)	頭
	Leizhou	頭, 頭顱, 殼升
	Wenchang	頭
	Haikou	頭顱, 頭殼
	Qionghai	頭, 頭顱
Puxian Min	Putian	頭
	Xianyou	頭
	Fuding (Aoyao)	頭殼
Min Zhong	Yong'an	頭殼, 頭
	Sanyuan	頭殼
	Shaxian	頭殼
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	頭殼
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	頭, 頭殼
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Xinxu)	頭
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	頭
Wu	Shanghai	頭, 腦袋, 頭骷顱, 骷顱頭 often derogatory, 骷郎頭 often derogatory
	Shanghai (Chongming)	頭爿
	Suzhou	頭, 骷郎頭, 六斤四兩
	Danyang	頭, 腦袋瓜, 頭骷郎
	Hangzhou	頭, 腦頭瓜
	Ningbo	骷顱頭, 骷郎頭, 頭, 骷顱頭甏 derogatory, 骷顱頭瓶 derogatory, 六斤四兩 humorous
	Wenzhou	頭, 六斤四 secret
	Jinhua	頭, 葫粒頭 humorous
Xiang	Changsha	腦殼
	Xiangxiang	腦殼
	Loudi	腦殼
	Shuangfeng	腦殼
	Jiangyong	腦牯
	Quanzhou	腦殼

Dialectal synonyms of 元 (“yuan; dollar”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		圓, 元
Mandarin	Beijing	塊
	Taiwan	塊
	Harbin	塊
	Yantai (Muping)	塊
	Jinan	塊
	Luoyang	塊
	Wanrong	塊
	Xi'an	塊
	Yinchuan	塊
	Lanzhou	塊
	Xining	塊
	Ürümqi	塊
	Wuhan	塊
	Chengdu	塊
	Guiyang	塊
	Guilin	塊
	Liuzhou	塊
	Nanning (Wuming)	塊
	Shanglin (Sanli)	塊
	Xuzhou	塊
	Yangzhou	塊
	Nanjing	塊
	Hefei	塊
	Malaysia	塊
	Singapore	塊
Cantonese	Guangzhou	蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀
	Hong Kong	蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀, 雞嘢
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	蚊
	Macau	蚊
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	蚊
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	蚊
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	蚊
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	蚊
	Foshan	蚊
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	文
	Foshan (Shunde)	蚊
	Foshan (Sanshui)	蚊雞
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	蚊雞
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	蚊
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	蚊
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	蚊
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	蚊
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	蚊
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	蚊
	Taishan	蚊
	Kaiping (Chikan)	蚊
	Enping (Niujiang)	蚊
	Heshan (Yayao)	蚊
	Dongguan	蚊, 蚊雞
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	蚊
	Qingyuan	蚊
	Fogang	蚊
	Yingde (Hanguang)	蚊
	Yangshan	蚊
	Lianshan (Butian)	蚊
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	蚊
	Shaoguan	蚊
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	蚊
	Renhua	蚊雞
	Lechang	蚊
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	蚊
	Sihui	蚊雞
	Deqing	蚊
	Huaiji	蚊
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	蚊
	Yunfu	蚊
	Xinxing	蚊
	Luoding	蚊
	Yunan (Pingtai)	蚊
	Yangjiang	蚊, 個
	Lianjiang	蚊
	Nanning	蚊
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	蚊
	Qinzhou	蚊
	Beihai	蚊
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	蚊
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	蚊
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	蚊
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	箍, 蚊
	Penang (Guangfu)	蚊
	Singapore (Guangfu)	蚊, 箍
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	蚊
	Móng Cái	蚊
Gan	Nanchang	塊
	Lichuan	塊
	Pingxiang	塊
Hakka	Meixian	塊
	Yudu	塊
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	個
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	個
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	個
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	個
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	個
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	銀, 箍
	Hong Kong	塊, 蚊
	Sabah (Longchuan)	箍
	Senai (Huiyang)	箍
	Kuching (Hepo)	箍
	Singkawang	盾
Huizhou	Jixi	塊
Jin	Taiyuan	塊
Jin	Xinzhou	塊
Min Bei	Jian'ou	塊
Min Bei	Pucheng (Shibei)	塊
Min Dong	Fuzhou	塊
	Fuqing	塊
	Matsu	塊
Min Nan	Xiamen	箍
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	箍
	Quanzhou	箍
	Shishi	箍
	Zhangzhou	箍
	Zhao'an	箍
	Dongshan	箍
	Taipei	箍
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	箍
	Kaohsiung	箍
	Yilan	箍
	Changhua (Lukang)	箍
	Taichung	箍
	Tainan	箍
	Hsinchu	箍
	Kinmen	箍
	Penghu (Magong)	箍
	Penang (Hokkien)	箍
	Singapore (Hokkien)	箍
	Manila (Hokkien)	箍
	Chaozhou	銀, 箍, 個, 個銀
	Shantou	銀, 個, 箍 dated, 個銀
	Shantou (Chenghai)	銀
	Jieyang	個, 個銀
	Haifeng	個銀
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	箍
	Singapore (Teochew)	箍, 個銀
	Leizhou	個
	Wenchang	銀, 個
	Haikou	個銀, 銀
	Qionghai	銀
	Singapore (Hainanese)	箍
Puxian Min	Putian	個
Puxian Min	Xianyou	個
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	蚊
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	蚊, 蚊雞
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	塊
Wu	Shanghai	塊
	Shanghai (Chongming)	塊
	Suzhou	塊
	Danyang	塊
	Hangzhou	塊
	Wenzhou	個
	Jinhua	塊
Xiang	Changsha	塊
	Loudi	塊
	Shuangfeng	塊
	Quanzhou	塊

Compounds

一元 (yīyuán)
一元化 (yīyuánhuà)
一元大武
一元復始／一元复始 (yīyuánfùshǐ)
一元論／一元论 (yīyuánlùn)
一元酸 (yīyuánsuān)
七元
下元
上元 (Shàngyuán)
三元 (sānyuán)
三元及第
三元合金
上元節／上元节 (Shàngyuánjié)
下元節／下元节
三朝元老 (sāncháoyuánlǎo)
中元 (zhōngyuán)
中元普渡
中元節／中元节 (zhōngyuánjié)
中狀元／中状元
主元音
乾元／干元
二元論／二元论 (èryuánlùn)
二元運算／二元运算
二元酸
五燈會元／五灯会元
亞元／亚元
位元 (wèiyuán)
位元組／位元组 (wèiyuánzǔ)
低元音
住宅單元／住宅单元
傷元氣／伤元气
元件 (yuánjiàn)
元元
元元本本 (yuányuánběnběn)
元凶 (yuánxiōng)
元功
元勛／元勋 (yuánxūn)
元勳／元勋 (yuánxūn)
元化
元史
元后
元君
元命
元和
元和腳／元和脚
元和體／元和体
元四大家
元因
元士
元夜
元妃 (yuánfēi)
元始 (yuánshǐ)
元始天尊
元子
元宵 (yuánxiāo)
元宰
元宵節／元宵节 (yuánxiāojié)
元寶／元宝 (yuánbǎo)
元寶楓／元宝枫
元尚篇
元帥／元帅 (yuánshuài)
元年 (yuánnián)
元惡／元恶 (yuán'è)
元惡大奸／元恶大奸
元惡大憝／元恶大憝
元戎
元日 (yuánrì)
元旦 (yuándàn)
元智大學／元智大学
元曲 (yuánqǔ)
元書紙／元书纸
元會／元会
元月 (Yuányuè)
元服 (yuánfú)
元朝 (Yuáncháo)
元本 (yuánběn)
元氣／元气 (yuánqì)
元燈／元灯
元生代
元白
元神
元祕史／元秘史
元稹
元精
元素 (yuánsù)
元素符號／元素符号
元結／元结
元緒／元绪
元老 (yuánlǎo)
元老院 (yuánlǎoyuàn)
元聖／元圣
元色 (yuánsè)
元謀／元谋 (Yuánmóu)
元謀猿人／元谋猿人
元辰
元配 (yuánpèi)
元陽／元阳 (Yuányáng)
元雜劇／元杂剧
元音 (yuányīn)
元首 (yuánshǒu)
元魚／元鱼
元麥／元麦
元龍高臥／元龙高卧
光電元件／光电元件
八元
公元 (gōngyuán)
冊府元龜／册府元龟
分渾元／分浑元
前元音
包元兒／包元儿
化學元素／化学元素 (huàxué yuánsù)
半低元音
半元音 (bànyuányīn)
半合元音
半閉元音／半闭元音
半開元音／半开元音
半高元音
協元／协元 (Xiéyuán)
南元
合口元音
合金元素
喪元／丧元
單元／单元 (dānyuán)
單元劇／单元剧
單元音／单元音 (dānyuányīn)
圓脣元音／圆唇元音
坤元
壓倒元白／压倒元白
壽元／寿元
多元化 (duōyuánhuà)
多元性
多元論／多元论 (duōyuánlùn)
大三元 (dàsānyuán)
大元帥／大元帅 (dàyuánshuài)
大春元
大秋元
大經元／大经元
太元 (Tàiyuán)
天元 (Tiānyuán)
央元音 (yāngyuányīn)
字元 (zìyuán)
宋元學案／宋元学案
尖元音
展脣元音／展唇元音
後元音／后元音 (hòuyuányīn)
復元／复元 (fùyuán)
微量元素 (wēiliàng yuánsù)
戴表元
掄元／抡元
控制單元／控制单元
捲舌元音／卷舌元音
搖元宵／摇元宵
改元 (gǎiyuán)
數元／数元
新元史
新紀元／新纪元 (xīnjìyuán)
易元吉
春元演習／春元演习
晉元帝／晋元帝
曆元／历元 (lìyuán)
會元／会元 (huìyuán)
未知元
案元
標準元音／标准元音
歐元／欧元 (ōuyuán)
歐洲美元／欧洲美元
歸元／归元
殿元
汪元量
泰元
油元
混元
渾元／浑元
狀元／状元
狀元及第／状元及第
狀元籌／状元筹
狀元紅／状元红
狀元餅／状元饼
當元／当元
省元
真元
禮元／礼元 (Lǐyuán)
萬元戶／万元户
稀土元素 (xītǔ yuánsù)
糕元寶／糕元宝
紀元／纪元 (jìyuán)
經元／经元
美元 (měiyuán)
腎元／肾元 (shènyuán)
膠元蛋白／胶元蛋白
舌尖元音
舌面元音
茶元 (Cháyuán)
華元／华元
蒙元 (Méngyuán)
虎體元斑／虎体元斑
補元氣／补元气
複元音／复元音 (fùyuányīn)
複合元音／复合元音
西元 (xīyuán)
西曆紀元／西历纪元
解元 (jièyuán)
記憶單元／记忆单元
謝晉元／谢晋元
貢元／贡元
連中三元／连中三元
還元返本／还元返本
鄭元和／郑元和
酈道元／郦道元
重元素
金屬元素／金属元素
鉤元提要／钩元提要
銀元／银元 (yínyuán)
開元／开元 (kāiyuán)
開元禮／开元礼
開元通寶／开元通宝
開元錄／开元录
開元雜報／开元杂报
開口元音／开口元音
開國元勛／开国元勋
關元／关元
阮元
降元音
隱生元／隐生元
顏元／颜元
顯生元／显生元
養元／养元
高元音
黎元 (líyuán)
黎元洪
鼎元
鼎元之分
鼻化元音 (bíhuà yuányīn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (元):

→ Korean: 원(元) (won)
→ Vietnamese: nguyên (元)

→ English: yuan

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 元 – see 圓 (“circle; circular; round; etc.”). (This character, 元, is the draft (1955) first-round simplified and second-round simplified form of 圓.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

References

“元”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

元

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ごん (gon)
Kan-on: げん (gen, Jōyō)^{←げん (gen, historical)}^{←ぐゑん (gwen, ancient)}
Tō-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)^{←ぐわん (gwan, historical)}
Kun: もと (moto, 元, Jōyō); こうべ (kōbe, 元)
Nanori: はじめ (hajime)

Compounds

元(げん)気(き) (genki)
元(げん)凶(きょう) (genkyō)
元(がん)金(きん) (gankin)
元(げん)号(ごう) (gengō)
元(がん)日(じつ) (ganjitsu)
元(げん)首(しゅ) (genshu), 元(もと)首(くび) (motokubi)
元(げん)帥(すい) (gensui)
元(がん)祖(そ) (ganso)
元(げん)素(そ) (genso)
元(がん)旦(たん) (gantan)
元(がん)朝(ちょう) (ganchō), 元(げん)朝(ちょう) (genchō)
元(げん)服(ぷく) (genpuku)
元(がん)本(ぽん) (ganpon)
元(がん)来(らい) (ganrai)
元(げん)悪(あく) (gen'aku)
元(げん)価(か) (genka)
元(げん)兇(きょう) (genkyō)
元(げん)勲(くん) (genkun)
元(げん)軍(ぐん) (gengun)
元(もと)元(もと) (motomoto), 元々(もともと) (motomoto)
元(もと)高(だか) (motodaka)
元三(もとみ) (Motomi)
元(げん)始(し) (genshi)
元(もと)手(で) (motode)
元(もと)鞘(さや) (motosaya)
元(げん)職(しょく) (genshoku)
元(もと)栓(せん) (motosen)
元(もと)値(ね) (motone)
元(もと)帳(ちょう) (motochō)
元(もと)締(じ) (motoji)
元(もと)入(にゅう)金(きん) (motonyūkin)
元(がん)年(ねん) (gannen)
元(げん)標(ぴょう) (genpyō)
元(もと)方(かた) (motokata)
元(がん)利(り) (ganri)
元(げん)老(ろう) (genrō)
元(げん)禄(ろく) (genroku)
元(げん)寇(こう) (genkō)
お手(て)元(もと) (otemoto), 御手(おて)元(もと) (otemoto)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
元
もと Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
本原基素

⟨mo₂to₂⟩ → /moto/

From Old Japanese. Cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *mətə. Cognate with Okinawan 元 (mutu).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) もと [mòtóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2]
(Tokyo) もと [mòtó] (Heiban – [0])[2]
IPA^(key): [mo̞to̞]

Noun

元(もと) • (moto)

cause, origin
basis, foundation
cost
元(もと)がとれる
moto ga toreru
to be able to cover the cost
(finance) capital
2000円(にせんえん)の元(もと)を取(と)る
nisen-en no moto o toru
to get one's 2000 yen's worth
(literally, “to take the 2000 yen principal”)
principal

Derived terms

もとに (moto ni)
元(もと)は (moto wa)
元(もと)より (motoyori)
元(もと)売(う)り (motouri)
元(もと)結(ゆ)い (motoyui)
元(もと)通(どお)り (motodōri)

Prefix

元(もと) • (moto-)

former, erstwhile
元(もと)カレ、元(もと)カノ
motokare, motokano
former boyfriend, former girlfriend

プロジェクトの元(もと)・担(たん)当(とう)者(しゃ)の田(た)中(なか)氏(し)
purojekuto no moto tantōsha no Tanaka-shi
former project manager Tanaka

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
元
げん Grade: 2
kan’on

From the Middle Chinese-derived reading of the kanji characters.

Proper noun

元(げん) • (Gen)

the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368)

Etymology 3

From 始(はじ)め (hajime, “beginning”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ha̠ʑime̞]

Proper noun

元(はじめ) • (Hajime)

a male given name

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

元 (eumhun 으뜸 원 (eutteum won))

Hanja form^? of 원 (“chief”).

Okinawan

Alternative forms

本, 原, 基, 素

Kanji

元

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

On (unclassified): ぐゎん (gwan); じん (jin)
Kun: むとぅ (mutu, 元); むーとぅ (mūtu, 元)

Compounds

Derived terms

元(ぐゎん)日(じち) (gwanjichi)
元(ぐゎん)祖(す) (gwansu)
元(ぐゎん)旦(たん) (gwantan)
元(じん)服(ぷく) (jinpuku)
火(ふぃー)ぬ元(むとぅ) (fīnumutu)
火(ふぃー)元(むとぅ) (fīmutu)
根(に)本(むとぅ) (nimutu), 根(にー)本(むとぅ) (nīmutu)
元(むーとぅ)所(どぅくる) (mūtudukuru)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
元
むとぅ Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Kanji in this term
元
むーとぅ Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From Proto-Ryukyuan *moto, from Proto-Japonic *mətə. Cognate with mainland Japanese 元 (moto).

Noun

元 (hiragana むとぅ, rōmaji mutu, alternative reading むーとぅ, rōmaji mūtu)

Vietnamese

Han character

元: Hán Nôm readings: nguyên, nguyễn

source, origin, base
a family name

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[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name	Time period	Divisions
Xia 夏 (～朝, ～代)	2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang 商 (～朝, ～代) 殷 (～朝, ～代)	1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou 周 (～朝, ～代)	1046 – 256 BCE	Western Zhou 西周
		Eastern Zhou 東周／东周	Spring and Autumn period 春秋
		Eastern Zhou 東周／东周	Warring States period 戰國／战国
Qin 秦 (～朝, ～代)	221 – 206 BCE
Han 漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)	206 BCE – 220 C.E.	Western Han 西漢／西汉
		Xin 新 (～朝)
		Eastern Han 東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms 三國／三国	220 – 280 C.E.	Wei 魏
		Shu Han 蜀漢／蜀汉
		Wu 吳／吴
Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Western Jin 西晉／西晋
Jin 晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)	265 – 420 C.E.	Eastern Jin 東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties 南北朝	420 – 589 C.E.	Northern dynasties 北朝	Northern Wei 北魏
			Western Wei 西魏
			Eastern Wei 東魏／东魏
			Northern Zhou 北周
			Northern Qi 北齊／北齐
		Southern dynasties 南朝	Liu Song 劉宋／刘宋
			Southern Qi 南齊／南齐
			Liang 梁 (～朝, ～代)
			Chen 陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui 隋 (～朝, ～代)	581 – 618 C.E.
Tang 唐 (～朝, ～代)	618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 五代十國／五代十国	907 – 960 C.E.
Liao 遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)	907 – 1125 C.E.
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Northern Song 北宋
Song 宋 (～朝, ～代)	960 – 1279 C.E.	Southern Song 南宋
Western Xia 西夏	1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin 金 (～朝, ～代)	1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao 西遼／西辽	1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan 元 (～朝, ～代)	1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming 明 (～朝, ～代)	1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing 清 (～朝, ～代)	1636 – 1912 C.E.

元

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Definitions

Synonyms

See also

Compounds

Descendants

Etymology 2

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Prefix

Etymology 2

Proper noun

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Proper noun

References

Korean

Hanja

Okinawan

Alternative forms

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology

Noun

Vietnamese

Han character