< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žestokъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Extended from an earlier *žestъ + *-okъ, parallel to *žestъkъ (k-extended u-stem). Further origin uncertain.
Mladenov, Iljinsky considered relation with Latin hostis (“enemy”) (meaning developed from an original “guest” → “foreigner, stranger” → “foe”), Sanskrit घसति (ghásati, “to eat, to nurish”) from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes- (“to host”), which nowadays is usually rejected for semantic reasons. Skok tentatively proposes derivation from Proto-Slavic *žegťi (“to heat up”) (probably on account of the Serbo-Croatian meaning “bitter, sour”), which is phonotactically dubious. Per Vasmer, more likely akin to Old Norse kǫs f (“heap, pile”), Old High German kes n (“(mountain) glacier”) or perhaps Irish gallán (“pillar, stone”) < *gaslā.
Adjective
*žestòkъ[1]
Declension
Accent paradigm C
Indefinite declension of *žestokъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *žestokъ | *žestoka | *žestoko |
| Accusative | *žestokъ | *žestokǫ | *žestoko |
| Genitive | *žestoka | *žestoky | *žestoka |
| Locative | *žestokě | *žestokě | *žestokě |
| Dative | *žestoku | *žestokě | *žestoku |
| Instrumental | *žestokomь | *žestokojǫ | *žestokomь |
| Vocative | *žestoke | *žestoko | *žestoko |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žestoka | *žestokě | *žestokě |
| Accusative | *žestoka | *žestokě | *žestokě |
| Genitive | *žestoku | *žestoku | *žestoku |
| Locative | *žestoku | *žestoku | *žestoku |
| Dative | *žestokoma | *žestokama | *žestokoma |
| Instrumental | *žestokoma | *žestokama | *žestokoma |
| Vocative | *žestoka | *žestokě | *žestokě |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žestoki | *žestoky | *žestoka |
| Accusative | *žestoky | *žestoky | *žestoka |
| Genitive | *žestokъ | *žestokъ | *žestokъ |
| Locative | *žestokěxъ | *žestokaxъ | *žestokěxъ |
| Dative | *žestokomъ | *žestokamъ | *žestokomъ |
| Instrumental | *žestoky | *žestokami | *žestoky |
| Vocative | *žestoki | *žestoky | *žestoka |
Definite declension of *žestokъ (hard)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *žestokъjь | *žestokaja | *žestokoje |
| Accusative | *žestokъjь | *žestokǫjǫ | *žestokoje |
| Genitive | *žestokajego | *žestokyję | *žestokajego |
| Locative | *žestokějemь | *žestokěji | *žestokějemь |
| Dative | *žestokujemu | *žestokěji | *žestokujemu |
| Instrumental | *žestokyjimi | *žestokǫjǫ | *žestokyjimi |
| Vocative | *žestokъjь | *žestokaja | *žestokoje |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žestokaja | *žestokěji | *žestokěji |
| Accusative | *žestokaja | *žestokěji | *žestokěji |
| Genitive | *žestokuju | *žestokuju | *žestokuju |
| Locative | *žestokuju | *žestokuju | *žestokuju |
| Dative | *žestokyjima | *žestokyjima | *žestokyjima |
| Instrumental | *žestokyjima | *žestokyjima | *žestokyjima |
| Vocative | *žestokaja | *žestokěji | *žestokěji |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | *žestokiji | *žestokyję | *žestokaja |
| Accusative | *žestokyję | *žestokyję | *žestokaja |
| Genitive | *žestokъjixъ | *žestokъjixъ | *žestokъjixъ |
| Locative | *žestokyjixъ | *žestokyjixъ | *žestokyjixъ |
| Dative | *žestokyjimъ | *žestokyjimъ | *žestokyjimъ |
| Instrumental | *žestokyjimi | *žestokyjimi | *žestokyjimi |
| Vocative | *žestokiji | *žestokyję | *žestokaja |
Derived terms
- *оžestočiti/*оžestočati, *užestočiti (“to harden, to make severe”)
- *žestokostь (“cruelty”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Non-Slavic:
- → Romanian: jestoc
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “жестокий”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
- Georgiev V. I., editor (1971), “жесто̀к”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1, Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 538
References
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “žest(okъ)”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c hård (PR 138)”
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