dél
Hungarian
Compass rose
Etymology
Borrowing from an Oghur language, before the times of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries), from Proto-Turkic *tüĺ (“noon”).[1] Compare Tuvan дүш (düş, “noon”), dialectal Turkish düş (“noon”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈdeːl]
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -eːl
Noun
dél (countable and uncountable, plural delek)
Usage notes
- (noon):
| Adverbs of temporal nouns (see also: Appendix:Hungarian words of time) | |
|---|---|
| no suffix (the noun can act as an adverb) | nappal (“daytime”), reggel (“early morning”), délelőtt (“late morning”), délután (“afternoon”), este (“evening”), éjjel / éjszaka (“night”), and vasárnap (“Sunday”) |
| -kor (“at”) | pirkadat / virradat (“dawn”), napkelte (“sunrise”), napnyugta (“sunset”), alkonyat (“dusk”), szürkület (“twilight”), éjfél (“midnight”), hours and minutes, and the names of holidays (húsvét (“Easter”) etc.) |
| -ban/-ben (“in”) | dél (“noon”), hajnal (“daybreak”), names of months (január–december) and hónap (“month”), évszak (“season”), év (“year”) and specific years, évtized (“decade”) and longer periods |
| -n/-on/-en/-ön (“on”) | days of the week (hétfő–szombat) except Sunday, days of the month (elseje (“1st”), másodika (“2nd”) etc.), nap (“day”), hét (“week”), nyár (“summer”), and tél (“winter”) |
| -val/-vel (“with”, assimilated: -szal/-szel) | tavasz (“spring”), ősz (“autumn, fall”) |
- (south): Names of compass points are not capitalized in Hungarian unless they refer to a given bloc of countries or states[2] or when they are part of a proper name (e.g. Nyugat-Szahara). However, their abbreviations are capitalized and have no dot at the end. (The dotted forms are the abbreviations of the related adjectives suffixed with ‑i.)
Declension
(noon):
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | dél | delek |
| accusative | delet | deleket |
| dative | délnek | deleknek |
| instrumental | déllel | delekkel |
| causal-final | délért | delekért |
| translative | déllé | delekké |
| terminative | délig | delekig |
| essive-formal | délként | delekként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | délben | delekben |
| superessive | délen | deleken |
| adessive | délnél | deleknél |
| illative | délbe | delekbe |
| sublative | délre | delekre |
| allative | délhez | delekhez |
| elative | délből | delekből |
| delative | délről | delekről |
| ablative | déltől | delektől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
délé | deleké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
déléi | delekéi |
| Possessive forms of dél | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | delem | deleim |
| 2nd person sing. | deled | deleid |
| 3rd person sing. | dele | delei |
| 1st person plural | delünk | deleink |
| 2nd person plural | deletek | deleitek |
| 3rd person plural | delük | deleik |
(south):
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | dél | — |
| accusative | délt | — |
| dative | délnek | — |
| instrumental | déllel | — |
| causal-final | délért | — |
| translative | déllé | — |
| terminative | délig | — |
| essive-formal | délként | — |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | délben | — |
| superessive | délen | — |
| adessive | délnél | — |
| illative | délbe | — |
| sublative | délre | — |
| allative | délhez | — |
| elative | délből | — |
| delative | délről | — |
| ablative | déltől | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
délé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
déléi | — |
| Possessive forms of dél | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | délem | — |
| 2nd person sing. | déled | — |
| 3rd person sing. | délje | — |
| 1st person plural | délünk | — |
| 2nd person plural | déletek | — |
| 3rd person plural | déljük | — |
Coordinate terms
(compass points) égtájak;
| északnyugat (ÉNy) | észak (É) | északkelet (ÉK) |
| nyugat (Ny) |  |
kelet (K) |
| délnyugat (DNy) | dél (D) | délkelet (DK) |
Derived terms
- (noon):
Compound words
- (south):
Compound adjectives and common nouns
Compounds proper nouns
- Dél-Afrika → dél-afrikai → Dél-afrikai Köztársaság
- Dél-Amerika
- Dél-Európa
- Dél-Karolina
- Dél-Korea
- Dél-Oszétia
- Dél-Szudán
- Új-Dél-Wales
References
- dél in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
- Tóth, Etelka (ed.). Magyar helyesírási szótár: A magyar helyesírás szabályai tizenkettedik kiadása szerint (’Dictionary of Hungarian Orthography: according to the 12th edition of the regulations of the Hungarian orthography’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2017. →ISBN Online version
Further reading
- dél in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- dél in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (’A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2023)
Kashubian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /del/
Spanish
Further reading
- “dél”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
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