in-

From Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”, prefix), from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. More at in.

• i-, il-
• en-

in-

1. in, into, towards, within.

   inhold, inmove, intake, inthrill

   inborn, inbound

   infield, infighting, insight, intalk, inwork

• (within): intra-, en-/em-/im-, end-/endo-

• (within): out-, ex-, exo-, ecto-

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of Latinate origin) from Latin in-, from Latin in, from Proto-Indo-European *en (cognate to Germanic in-, above). Often borrowed from French in- (e.g. incise, incite, incline, indication), or as French en-, originally from Latin in.

in-

1. in, into

   Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:

   • il- before l, e.g. illusion
   • im- before b, m, or p, e.g. imperil
   • ir- before r, e.g. irrigate

In direction sense, used in Latinate terms, and opposed by ex-, e-, rather than Germanic out-; senses not always strict antonyms. Examples include infiltrate/exfiltrate, ingress/egress, invade/evade.

• (within): intra-, en-/em-/im-, end-/endo-

• (within): out-, ex-, exo-, ecto-

From Middle English in-, borrowed (in words of latinate origin) from Latin in- (“not”). Sometimes the Latin word has passed through French before reaching English (e.g. incapable, incertainty, inclement, incompatible). Compare un-.

in-

1. (non-productive) Used with certain words to reverse their meaning

   Note: Before certain letters, in- becomes:

   • ig- before n, e.g. ignoble
   • il- before l, e.g. illegal
   • im- before b, m, or p, e.g. improper
   • ir- before r, e.g. irresistible

   1. (non-productive) Added to adjectives to mean not

      inedible

      inaccurate

   2. (non-productive) Added to nouns to mean lacking or without

      incredulity

      ineptitude

• (not): a-, an-, dys-, i-/il-/im-/ir-, mal-, non-, un-

• em-
• en-

• a- (Greek)
• an-
• non-
• un-
• wan-

• N.I., NI, ni

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

in- (before l il-, before b, m, or p im-, before r ir-)

1. in- ; un- (reversal of meaning or lack of an attribute)

• Audio

  (file)

in-

1. from the adverb in
2. prepended to a noun or adjective, it reinforces the quality signified thereby
3. prepended to an adjective to negate its meaning; occurs mostly in borrowed terms from French: in-, un-

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

• IPA^(key): (before a consonant) /ɛ̃/, (before a vowel) /in/

• Audio

  (file)

in-

1. in-; un- (indicates negation)

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *in, from Proto-Indo-European *en. More at in.

in-

1. (rare) in, into

   Synonyms: ein-, inne-

   ‎in- + ‎Schrift (“writing”) → ‎Inschrift (“inscription”)

   ‎in- + ‎Sasse (“someone who sits”) → ‎Insasse (“passenger, inhabitant”)

   ‎in- + ‎Begriff (“concept”) → ‎Inbegriff (“embodiment”)

• In- is more frequent in nominalisations of verbal phrases: in Betrieb nehmen → Inbetriebnahme, in Stand setzen → Instandsetzung. However, these formations probably cannot be considered to involve a prefix, but the rather the preposition in directly.

Borrowed from Latin in-.

in-

1. (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in, into

   ‎in- + ‎filtrieren (“to filter”) → ‎infiltrieren (“to infiltrate”)

Borrowed from Latin in-.

in-

1. (rarely productive, only with Latinate stems) in-, un- (indicates negation)

   Synonyms: un-, nicht-

   ‎in- + ‎konsequent (“consistent”) → ‎inkonsequent (“inconsistent”)

• “in-” in Duden online
• “in-” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

in-

1. Romanization of 𐌹𐌽-

From Dutch in-, from French in-, from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

• IPA^(key): [ɪn]
• Hyphenation: in

in-

1. in-: used with certain words to reverse their meaning.

• “in-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

in-

1. capable of, fit for, fit to be

   Antonym: do-

From i, in (“in”).

in-

1. en-, in-, il-, im-, ir-
2. endo-
3. intra-

• ion- (broad)

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “in-”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Entries containing “in-” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

• im- (assimilated form before b-/m-/p-)
• il- (assimilated form before l-)
• ir- (assimilated form before r-)

• IPA^(key): /in/
  • Hyphenation: in-
• IPA^(key): [iɱ] (before f or v)
• IPA^(key): [iŋ] (before c or g)

From Latin in-, a prefixation of in (“in, into”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én.

in-

1. (forms verbs) used to denote derivation
2. (obsolete, rare) used as an intensifier

• The prefix is used together with a verbal ending suffix to derive causative verbs from adjectives or nouns:

Examples:

‎in- + ‎arido (“dry”, “arid”) → ‎inaridire (“to parch”, “to dry up”)

‎in- + ‎fiamma (“flame”) → ‎infiammare (“to enflame”, “to kindle”)

• When used with verbs, it's usually a reflection of derivation in Latin, and retains the original meaning of “into”, “inside”:

Example:

‎in- + ‎fondere → ‎infondere (“to infuse”, “to instill”) (cfr. Latin īnfundere)

• In some cases, the meaning of “into” can also be found in verbs of modern derivation:

Example:

‎in- + ‎carcere (“jail”, “prison”) → ‎incarcerare (“to imprison”, “to incarcerate”)

From Latin in- (“un-, not”), from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-, zero grade form of the sentence negative *ne.

in-

1. used to denote negation or opposition or privation; un-; in-; a-

• The suffix is usually found in adjectives (and nouns therefrom derived):

Examples:

‎in- + ‎coerente (“coherent”, “consistent”) → ‎incoerente (“incoherent”, “inconsistent”)

‎in- + ‎abile (“able”, “capable”) → ‎inabile (“unable”, “incapable”)

‎in- + ‎felice (“happy”) → ‎infelice (“unhappy”)

‎in- + ‎desiderabile (“desirable; advisable”) → ‎indesiderabile (“undesirable, unwelcome”)

• More rarely, it is found in adjectives derived from nouns:

Example:

‎in- + ‎colore (“colour/color”) → ‎incolore (“uncoloured/uncolored”)

• ni, nì

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /in/, [ɪn]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /in/, [in]

From Proto-Italic *ən-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not”), zero-grade form of the negative particle *ne (“not”). Akin to ne-, nē, nī.[1]

in-

1. un-, non-, not

Affixed primarily to adjectives.

The pronunciation or spelling of the prefix may be changed in some situations:

• Before b, p or m, it may become im-. The spelling in- is also found in this context.

  ‎in- + ‎barba (“beard”) → ‎imberbis (“beardless”) or inberbis.

  ‎in- + ‎patiēns (“patient”) → ‎impatiēns (“impatient”) or inpatiēns.

  ‎in- + ‎mātūrus (“mature”) → ‎immātūrus (“immature”) or inmātūrus.

• Before l or r, it may become il- or ir-, respectively. These assimilations only became usual in post-Augustan Latin: until a late date, the usual Roman spellings were inl- and inr-.[2]

  ‎in- + ‎labōrātus (“worked, toilsome”) → ‎illabōrātus (“unworked, uncultivated”) (post-Augustan) or inlabōrātus.

  ‎in- + ‎reverēns (“reverent”) → ‎irreverēns (“irreverent”) (post-Augustan) or inreverēns.

• Before gn and sometimes n, it becomes ig- (pronounced [ɪŋ-]).

  ‎in- + ‎gnārus (“knowlegable”) → ‎ignārus (“ignorant”)

  ‎in- + ‎nōmen (“name”) → ‎ignōminia (“dishonor”)

• Before f or s, it becomes īn- (pronounced [ĩː-]).

  ‎in- + ‎fīnītus (“finite”) → ‎īnfīnītus (“endless, infinite”)

  ‎in- + ‎sānus (“healthy, sane”) → ‎īnsānus (“mad, insane”)

• Before g, c or q, the spelling remains in-, but the pronunciation becomes [ɪŋ-].

• in- -is

• → Catalan: in- (sometimes i-, or im- before p, b and m)
• → French: in-
• → Italian: in-
• → Middle English: in-
  • English: in-, ir-, il-, im-
• → Portuguese: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, n, or m, and ir- before r)
• → Sicilian: n- (m- before p, b or m, il- before l, and ir- before r)
• → Spanish: in- (im- before p or b, i- before l, and ir- before r)

Prefixation of the preposition in.[3]

• ind-, indu-

in-

1. in, within, inside

   ‎in- + ‎hālō (“breathe”) → ‎inhālō (“breathe in, inhale”)

2. into, upon, on, against

   ‎in- + ‎gradior (“step, go”) → ‎ingredior (“go into, enter”)

   ‎in- + ‎nūbō (“marry”) → ‎innūbō (“marry into”)

   ‎in- + ‎cadō (“fall”) → ‎incidō (“fall into, fall upon”)

   ‎in- + ‎pangō (“set, fix, settle, fasten”) → ‎impingō (“fasten upon, dash against, strike against”)

   ‎in- + ‎flīgō (“strike”) → ‎īnflīgō (“strike on, strike against, inflict, impose upon”)

   ‎in- + ‎vocō (“call”) → ‎invocō (“call on, call upon, invoke”)

3. Used as an intensifier.

   ‎in- + ‎crepō (“I rattle”) → ‎increpō (“I rattle, rebuke”)

4. Attached to inchoative verbs, can express the sense of a change being started or reaching partial completion

   ‎in- + ‎ārēscō (“I am drying, am growing drier”) → ‎inārēscō (“I start becoming dry, become somewhat dry”)[4]

Affixed primarily to verbs.

The same spelling rules apply as for Etymology 1 above; see the usage notes there.

Not to be confused with Etymology 1 above, which means "not".

From Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”). Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (after, “ánu-”), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬎‎ (anu, “after; corresponding to”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎵𐎺 (a-nu-v /anuv/), and Gothic 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu, “without”) (whose meaning developed “along” > “past” > “without”).[5]

• īn-, ī-

in-

1. after

• “in-”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 301

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

in-

1. Alternative form of il-

• Used before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

in-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

in- (root)

1. Alternative form of iN-

in-

1. Alternative form of nin-

• IPA^(key): /in/

From in (“in”). More at in.

in-

1. in, into

   ‎in- + ‎ēþung (“breathing”) → ‎inēþung (“inspiration”)

2. internal, inside

   ‎in- + ‎coþu (“disease”) → ‎incoþu (“internal disease”)

   ‎in- + ‎weorc (“work”) → ‎inweorc (“indoor work”)

• Middle English: in-
  • English: in-

From Proto-Germanic *in- (“strong”, adj), from Proto-Indo-European *indʰro- (“swelling; strong”), from *oyd- (“to swell”).

in-

1. (intensifying) very

   ‎in- + ‎frōd (“wise”) → ‎infrōd (“very wise”)

   ‎in- + ‎dryhten (“noble”) → ‎indryhten (“very noble”)

From conflated Proto-Celtic *en- and Proto-Celtic *eni-; these two are variants of the same prefix. Prefix form of i. Conflated with ind- quite early.

• en-

in-

1. in

Very frequently replaced by ad- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:

• ad·cota from *in-com-tá-
• ad·fét from *in-fét-
• ad·greinn from *in-grenn-
• ad·snádi from *in-snádi-

Sometimes replaced by as- in pretonic position in verbs where the meaning ‘in’ is not transparent, e.g.:

• as·dloing from *in-dlong-

• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, pages 518–22

From Proto-Celtic *an-. In is the regular outcome of *an before voiced stops unless lowered to an via a-affection.

in-

1. Alternative form of an- (“un-, not”)

Used before d and g and occasionally other sounds.[1]

in- (class C infixed pronoun)

1. Alternative form of id-

• im- (before p or b)
• ir- (before r)
• i- (before m, n or l)

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

in-

1. un-; not

• im- (before p or b)
• ir- (before r)
• i- (before l)

Borrowed from Latin in- (“un-, not”).

in-

1. not (negation)

• “in-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

in-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

in-

1. Prefix form of -in.

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

in-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).

From Proto-Bantu *jɪ̀-n-.

ín-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.

The variant form im- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v). Before l, m or n, the prefix becomes i-.

• C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “im-, in-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “im-, in-”