丹

See also: 丼 and 开
丹 U+4E39, 丹
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E39
← 丸
[U+4E38] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 为 →
[U+4E3A]
丹 U+F95E, 丹
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F95E
← 諾
[U+F95D] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 寧 →
[U+F95F]

Translingual

Han character

丹 (Kangxi radical 3, 丶+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 月卜 (BY), four-corner 77440, composition ⿻⺆亠 or ⿻⺆⿱丶一)

Derived characters

References

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 丹
alternative forms
 
𠂁
𠁿
𠕑
𢒈
㣋
𠂁
𠁿
𠕑
𢒈
㣋
㐤

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 丹
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j12547

j12548

j12549

Bronze inscriptions

b07719

Small seal script

s03655

Transcribed ancient scripts

L06505

L06506

L06507

L06508

L06509

L06510

L06511

L06512

L06513

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (丹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
丹 *taːn
旃 *tjan
栴 *tjan

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) proposes 丹 (OC *tân) (< *tlan) and 矸 (*kân) (< *klan) (in Xunzi), both meaning "cinnabar", may be each other's variants and both could theoretically derive from foreign *klan; as the OC initials and *t- ~ *k- doublets indicate that this item was borrowed into Old Chinese. He further suggests a Kam-Tai origin and compares it to Proto-Kam-Sui [Term?] (h-lanC, “red”). Alternatively, Matisoff (2003) derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)a-n ~ *tsa-n, which STEDT currently neither derives 丹 from nor compares 丹 to.

Related to 旃 (OC *tjan, “a plain red flag”). Possibly related to 袒 (OC *daːnʔ), as skin color is often associated with "red", yet see there.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • dang1 - literary;
  • duan1 - vernacular (limited, e.g. 牡丹).
Rime
Character 丹
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都寒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tɑn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tɑn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /tan/
Li
Rong		 /tɑn/
Wang
Li		 /tɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /tɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 daan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 丹
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tan ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˁan/
English cinnabar

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 丹
Reading # 1/1
No. 1980
Phonetic
component		 丹
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 單
Old
Chinese		 /*taːn/

Definitions

丹

  1. cinnabar
  2. red
  3. refined medical substance
  4. a surname
  5. (Catholicism) Dan

Synonyms
  • (red): See 紅／红
  • (cinnabar):
  • (Dan): (Protestantism) 但 (dàn)

Compounds
Derived terms from 丹

Japanese

Kanji
丹

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. cinnabar
  2. red
  3. elixir made with cinnabar (e.g. Chinese elixir of life)
  4. improvised medicine
  5. devotion
  6. Short for 丹波国 (Tanba-koku, “Tanba Province”)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
丹
に
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, also used as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ni⟩.

Cognate with 土 (ni, “earth, ground”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

Noun

丹(に) • (ni) 

  1. the color red
    Synonyms: 赤色 (akairo), 丹色 (niiro)
  2. red earth
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
丹
たん
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 丹 (MC tɑn).

Used in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨ta⟩.

Pronunciation

Noun

丹(たん) • (tan) 

  1. cinnabar
    Synonym: 辰砂 (shinsha)
  2. a yellowish-red pigment made from lead oxide, used, for example, in nihonga
  3. medicine, especially one for inducing immortality
    Synonym: 薬 (yaku)
  4. a yellow-red color, as of cinnabar
Derived terms
  • 丹(たん)緑(ろく)本(ぼん) (Tanrokubon), 丹(たん)緑(りょく)本(ぼん) (Tanryokubon)

Proper noun

丹(たん) • (Tan) 

  1. a surname

References
  1. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 丹 (MC tɑn).

Hanja

丹 (eumhun 붉을 단 (bulgeul dan))

  1. Hanja form? of 단 (“red”).

Compounds

Hanja

丹 (eumhun 정성스러울 란 (jeongseongseureoul ran), South Korea 정성스러울 난 (jeongseongseureoul nan))

  1. Hanja form? of 란 (“devotion”).

Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
  • Naver Hanja Dictionary: 丹

Vietnamese

Han character

丹: Hán Việt readings: đan (都(đô)艱(gian)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], đơn[5][4]
丹: Nôm readings: đơn[2][6][5][4][7], đan[1][2][3][6]

  1. chữ Hán form of đan/đơn (“cinnabar”).
  2. chữ Hán form of đan/đơn (“red color”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Génibrel (1898).
  5. Bonet (1899).
  6. Hồ (1976).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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