午

See also: 牛 and 干

午	U+5348, 午 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5348

← 升
[U+5347]

CJK Unified Ideographs

卉 →
[U+5349]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

午 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人十 (OJ) or X人十 (XOJ), four-corner 8040₀, composition ⿱𠂉十 or ⿰丿干)

Derived characters

仵吘𡉦㞰忤汻迕𢨵旿㬳杵玝𥄭𥘪𥾿許(许) 啎𨳱年缶𦈢𦬶㷏

References

KangXi: page 156, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2703
Dae Jaweon: page 354, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 406, character 1
Unihan data for U+5348

Chinese

simp. and trad.		午

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 午
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (午) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
卸	*sŋjaːs
汻	*hŋaːŋʔ
滸	*hŋaːʔ
午	*ŋaːʔ
仵	*ŋaːʔ
旿	*ŋaːʔ
忤	*ŋaːs
迕	*ŋaːs
杵	*ŋ̊ʰjaʔ
籞	*ŋaʔ
蘌	*ŋaʔ
篽	*ŋaʔ
禦	ŋaʔ, ŋas
許	*hŋaʔ
御	*ŋas

Pictogram (象形) – a pestle (now written 杵).

Etymology 1

Norman (1985) proposed connection with Austroasiatic; Ferlus (2013) noted a "[g]ood correspondence" between Proto-Vietic *m-ŋəːʔ (whence Vietnamese ngựa) and Old Chinese reconstructions like *m-qʰˁaʔ (Baxter-Sagart) and *ᵀs.ŋaʔ (Ferlus). Also compare Proto-Hlai *hŋaːʔ (“horse”), Proto-Kra *ŋja C (“horse”).

Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposed 午 (OC *ŋaːʔ)'s cognacy with 啎 (OC *ŋaːs) "to meet head on" and 御 (OC *ŋas) "to meet in (battle)" and suggested that "the moon at its full phase opposes the sun directly in the sky, meaning *ŋaaʔ 午 is probably to be glossed, given *-ʔ , ‘facing stage’". Schuessler (2007) regarded 午 (OC ŋâh) "to go against" as a mere graphic variant of 啎 and thus deemed the sense "to go against" distinct from the "earthly branch" sense.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wǔ (wu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ng⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ńg

(Meixian, Guangdong): n³
Min Bei (KCR): ngù
Min Dong (BUC): ngū
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gó͘ / ngó͘ / gō͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngou²
Wu (Wiktionary): ²u; ³hhu; ³ngg

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: wǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wǔ
  - Wade–Giles: wu³
  - Yale: wǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuu
  - Palladius: у (u)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /u²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ng⁵
  - Yale: ńgh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ng⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: ng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋ̍¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ńg
  - Hakka Romanization System: ng`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ng³
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋ̍³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: n³
  - Sinological IPA: /n̩³¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋu⁴²/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngū
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋu³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gó͘
  - Tâi-lô: góo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gor
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngó͘
  - Tâi-lô: ngóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngor
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ŋɔ̃⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋɔ̃⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gō͘
  - Tâi-lô: gōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: go
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡɔ³³/

Note:

gó͘/ngó͘ - literary;
gō͘ - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngou²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngóu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋou⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ²u; ³hhu; ³ngg
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /v̩ʷ³⁴/, /ɦv̩ʷ²³/, /ŋ̍²³/

Note:

2u/3hhu - literary;
3ngg - vernacular, used in 端午.

Middle Chinese: /ŋuoX/

Rime
Character	午
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	疑古切
Baxter	nguX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋo^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɔ^X/
Li Rong	/ŋo^X/
Wang Li	/ŋu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ng⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m].qʰˤaʔ/, /*m-qʰˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	午	午
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wǔ	wǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngu^X ›	‹ ngu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[m].qʰˁaʔ/	/*m-qʰˁaʔ/
English	7th earthly branch	resist; cross-wise
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	午
Reading #	1/1
No.	13169
Phonetic component	午
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	五
Old Chinese	/*ŋaːʔ/

Definitions

午

the seventh of twelve earthly branches:
1. (historical or astrology) the seventh year of the Jovian orbital cycle
2. (archaic) the fifth month of the Chinese traditional calendar
3. (historical or archaic) the "Chinese" or "double hour" from 11 am to 1 pm
4. noon (precisely)

Coordinate terms

(earthly branches) 地支 (dìzhī); 子, 丑 (chǒu), 寅 (yín), 卯 (mǎo), 辰 (chén), 巳 (sì), 午 (wǔ), 未 (wèi), 申 (shēn), 酉 (yǒu), 戌, 亥 (hài)

Hypernyms

(as an earthly branch): 地支 (dìzhī)
(as precisely noon): 小時／小时 (xiǎoshí), 時候／时候 (shíhou)

Compounds

上午 (shàngwǔ)
下午 (xiàwǔ)
下午茶 (xiàwǔchá)
中午 (zhōngwǔ)
交午
亭午 (tíngwǔ)
亭午夜分
傍午 (bàngwǔ)
午井 (Wǔjǐng)
午供
午前 (wǔqián)
午夜 (wǔyè)
午夜牛郎
午宴 (wǔyàn)
午日 (Wǔrì)
午正 (wǔzhèng)
午炮
午牌 (wǔpái)

午睡 (wǔshuì)
午餐 (wǔcān)
卓午
卯酉子午
向午
子午卯酉
工作午餐
庭午
打午尖
旁午
晌午 (shǎngwu)
晌午歪
正午 (zhèngwǔ)
端午 (Duānwǔ)
舛午
西午 (Xīwǔ)
重午
午後／午后 (wǔhòu)

午時／午时 (wǔshí)
午覺／午觉 (wǔjiào)
午錯／午错
午門／午门 (wǔmén)
午間／午间 (wǔjiān)
午飯／午饭 (wǔfàn)
子午線／子午线 (zǐwǔxiàn)
子午蓮／子午莲
營養午餐／营养午餐
甲午戰爭／甲午战争 (Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng)
當午／当午
祁奚舉午／祁奚举午
端午節／端午节 (Duānwǔjié)
紅日當午／红日当午
蜂午並起／蜂午并起
過午／过午
題鳳題午／题凤题午
餉午／饷午

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 午 – see 舞 (“to dance; dance; dancing; etc.”). (This character, 午, is the second-round simplified form of 舞.)
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

References

“午”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

午

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

noon

Readings

Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
Kun: うま (uma, 午)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
午
うま Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From 馬 (uma, “horse”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) うま [ùmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝma̠]

Homophone: 馬

Proper noun

午(うま) • (Uma)

the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
午
ご Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 午 (ngu^X).

Proper noun

午(ご) • (Go)

the Horse, the seventh of the twelve Earthly Branches

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 午 (MC ŋuoX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅌᅩᆼ〯 (Yale: ngwǒ)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [o̞(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [오(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 午 (eumhun 낮 오 (nat o))

Hanja form^? of 오 (“noon; daytime”). [affix]

Compounds

오후 (午後, ohu)
오전 (午前, ojeon)
단오 (端午, dano)
오찬 (午餐, ochan)
정오 (正午, jeong'o)
하오 (下午, hao)
갑오 (甲午, gabo)
오수 (午睡, osu)
오시 (午時, osi)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

午: Hán Nôm readings: ngọ, ngỏ, ngõ

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