自古

Chinese

		from	ancient
simp. and trad. (自古)		自	古

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zìgǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄗˋ ㄍㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zi⁶ gu²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhṳ-kú
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chīr-kó͘ / chū-kó͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): ze⁷ gou²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zìgǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄗˋ ㄍㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zìhgǔ
  - Wade–Giles: tzŭ⁴-ku³
  - Yale: dz̀-gǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzyhguu
  - Palladius: цзыгу (czygu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zi⁶ gu²
  - Yale: jih gú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzi⁶ gu²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ji⁶ gu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː²² kuː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhṳ-kú
  - Hakka Romanization System: cii gu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ci⁴ gu³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵ ku³¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chīr-kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: tsīr-kóo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ⁴¹⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chū-kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: tsū-kóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zuxkor
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡su³³⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su³³⁻²¹ kɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡su²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ze⁷ gou²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsṳ̄ kóu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɯ¹¹ kou⁵²/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ziɪ^H kuo^X/

Rime
Character	自	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	脂 (15)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	疾二切	公戸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziɪ^H/	/kuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zi^H/	/kuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjɪ^H/	/ko^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zi^H/	/kɔ^X/
Li Rong	/d͡zi^H/	/ko^X/
Wang Li	/d͡zi^H/	/ku^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi^H/	/kuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zì	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi⁶	gu²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[b]i[t]-s kˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɦljids kaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	自	古
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zì	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ dzij^H ›	‹ ku^X ›
Old Chinese	/*s.[b]i[t]-s/	/*kˁaʔ/
English	to follow; from	ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	自	古
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	17879	4219
Phonetic component	自	古
Rime group	至	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	自	古
Old Chinese	/*ɦljids/	/*kaːʔ/

Adverb

自古

from time immemorial; since ancient times
- 自古皆有死，民無信不立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  自古皆有死，民无信不立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, mín wú xìn bù lì. [Pinyin]
  From of old, death has been the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state.
- 人生自古誰無死？留取丹心照汗青。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  人生自古谁无死？留取丹心照汗青。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 1279, Wen Tianxiang, 《過零丁洋》
  Rénshēng zìgǔ shéi wú sǐ? Liú qǔ dānxīn zhào hànqīng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)

Synonyms

古來／古来 (gǔlái) (literary)
終古／终古 (zhōnggǔ) (literary)

自古以來／自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)

Derived terms

自古以來／自古以来 (zìgǔ yǐlái)
自古皆有死，人無信不立／自古皆有死，人无信不立 (zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, rén wúxìnbùlì)

自古皆有死，民無信不立／自古皆有死，民无信不立 (zìgǔ jiē yǒu sǐ, mín wúxìnbùlì)
自古紅顏多薄命／自古红颜多薄命 (zìgǔ hóngyán duō bómìng)

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