無
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Translingual
| Stroke order (cursive) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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The character 無 in semi-cursive script.
Han character
無 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人廿火 (OTF), four-corner 80331, composition ⿱⿳𠂉卌一灬)
Derived characters
Related characters
Further reading
- KangXi: page 673, character 26
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19113
- Dae Jaweon: page 1081, character 24
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2211, character 15
- Unihan data for U+7121
Chinese
| trad. | 無 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 无 | |
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 無 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (無) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) . A man dancing with something long held in both hands.
This character is borrowed for “have no”, and the character 舞 (wǔ) is used for the original sense.
Etymology 1
Core Sino–Tibetan. From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”); cognate with Tibetan མ་ (ma, “not”) and Burmese မ (ma., “not”).
Cognate with:
- 微 (OC *mɯl, “not, no”)
- 毋 (OC *ma, “do not”)
- 勿 (OC *mɯd, “not, don't”)
- 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet, haven't”)
- 靡 (OC *mralʔ, “not, no”)
- 亡 (OC *maŋ, “not have; to flee, to disappear, to die”)
- 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to end, to disappear, to drown”)
- 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “none, nobody, nothing; do not; can not”)
Attested profusely in Classical Chinese, this word is the prototypical negation particle in the *m- series of Chinese negatives. In the oracle bone script, however, 無 is not frequently used, and its homophone (or near-homophone) 毋 (OC *ma) is used instead.
See 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) for more on negative particles in Old Chinese.
Pronunciation
Definitions
無
- (literary or Hakka, Min) to not have something; there is not ...
- 天空無雲。／天空无云。 ― Tiānkōng wú yún. ― There is no cloud in the sky.
- 我無零星錢。／我无零星钱。 [Hokkien] ― Góa bô lân-san-chîⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― I don't have any change.
- 也許一想起某某是唯一可鍾意 才來害怕無下次其實多麼諷刺 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 2019, 林家謙 [Terence Lam], 下一位前度 [NEXT]
- jaa5 heoi2 jat1 soeng2 hei2 mau5 mau5 si6 wai4 jat1 ho2 zung1 ji3, coi4 loi4 hoi6 paa3 mou4 haa6 ci3 kei4 sat6 do1 mo1 fung3 ci3 [Jyutping]
- Maybe once I think of someone as the only one I can love, I would be afraid that there would not be a next time, but it's actually quite ridiculous
也许一想起某某是唯一可钟意 才来害怕无下次其实多么讽刺 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
- (literary or Min) Negation particle preceding verbs and adjectives. not
- (literary or Min) have not
- (literary or Hakka, Min) Interrogative particle.
- (Hakka, Min) if not; otherwise (placed at the start of a sentence)
- (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate that a goal has not or cannot been accomplished.
- † regardless of; no matter whether
- † nothing; nil
- 從無到有／从无到有 ― cóng wú dào yǒu ― start from nothing, from scratch
- † Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “do not”).
- without; -less; un-
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 沒有 (“to not have (+ noun)”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”) [map]
Dialectal synonyms of 不到 (“cannot (particle)”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 不到 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 不到 |
| Malaysia | 不到 | |
| Singapore | 不到 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔到 |
| Hong Kong | 唔到 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 唔到 | |
| Penang (Guangfu) | 唔到 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 唔到 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 無 |
| Taipei | 無 GT | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 無 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 無 | |
| Jieyang | 無 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 無 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 弗著 |
| Suzhou | 弗著 | |
| Ningbo | 弗著 | |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 無
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Pronunciation
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of 無 – see 冇 (“to not have; to not exist; etc.”). (This character, 無, is a variant form of 冇.) |
Further reading
- “Entry #8588”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Readings
Compounds
Compounds
- 無明 (mumyō): unenlightment; ignorance of nirvana
- 神無月 (kannazuki): (archaic) the tenth month of the lunar calendar
- 無形 (mugyō): formlessness, bodylessness; something shapeless and invisible
- 無形 (mukei): intangibility; incorporeality
- 無見 (muken): the belief that everything in this world is completely null and void, with no substance
- 無名 (mumei): nameless, anonymous, unsigned; anonymity
- 無用 (muyō): futility; uselessness
- 無機 (muki): inorganic
- 無双 (musō): matchless, peerless
- 苦無 (kunai): a kunai
- 無月 (mugetsu): when the moon is not visible due to rain or some other reason
- 無精 (bushō): laziness
- 無力 (muryoku): powerless; incompetent
- 無力感 (muryokukan): a feeling of powerlessness
- 無意識 (muishiki): unconscious, unconsciousness
- 無限 (mugen): infinity; limitless; unlimited
- 無人 (bunin): uninhabited, unmanned
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 無 |
| む Grade: 4 |
| on’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 无 |
Noun
無 • (mu)
Descendants
- → English: mu
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 無 (MC mɨo). Recorded as Middle Korean 무 (mwu) (Yale: mwu) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mu]
- Phonetic hangul: [무]
Compounds
Compounds
- 무한 (無限, muhan, “infinity”)
- 무력 (無力, muryeok, “powerlessness”)
- 무식 (無識, musik, “ignorance”)
- 무적 (無敵, mujeok, “invincibility, matchlessness”)
- 무명 (無名, mumyeong, “nameless, anonymous, unsigned; anonymity”)
- 무용 (無用, muyong, “futility; uselessness”)
- 무기 (無機, mugi, “inorganic”)
- 무의식 (無意識, muuisik, “unconsciousness”)
- 무인도 (無人島, mu'indo, “uninhabited island”)
- 무용지물 (無用之物, muyongjimul, “useless thing; a fifth wheel”)
Vietnamese
Han character
無: Hán Việt readings: vô[1][2][3][4], mô[2]
無: Nôm readings: vô[1][2][4][5], mô[2][6][4]
Compounds
Derived terms
- hữu danh vô thực (有名無實)
- hữu dũng vô mưu (有勇無謀)
- vô biên (無邊)
- vô bổ (無補)
- vô cảm (無感)
- vô can (無干)
- vô danh tiểu tốt (無名小卒)
- vô địch (無敵)
- vô độ (無度)
- vô dụng (無用)
- vô duyên (無緣)
- vô giá (無價)
- vô hại (無害)
- vô hiệu (無效)
- vô hình trung (無形中)
- vô ý (無意)
- vô ích (無益)
- vô lại (無賴)
- vô lễ (無禮)
- vô lý (無理)
- vô loại (無類)
- vô lương (無良)
- vô mưu (無謀)
- vô ngã (無我)
- vô nghĩa (無義)
- vô ơn (無恩)
- vô pháp vô thiên (無法無天)
- vô sinh (無生)
- vô số (無數)
- vô song (無雙)
- vô tận (無盡)
- vô thưởng vô phạt (無賞無罰)
- vô tiền khoáng hậu (無前曠後)
- vô tính (無性)
- vô tình (無情)
- vô tội (無罪)
- vô tri vô giác (無知無覺)
- vô tư (無私)
- vô tuyến (無線)
- vô vi (無為)
- bình an vô sự (平安無事)
- đại sự hoá tiểu, tiểu sự hoá vô (大事化小，小事化無)
- nhất nam viết hữu, thập nữ viết vô (一男曰有，十女曰無)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
- Hồ (1976).
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