See also:
U+8AD6, 論
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8AD6

[U+8AD5]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8AD7]
U+F941, 論
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F941

[U+F940]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F942]

Translingual

Han character

(Kangxi radical 149, +8, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人一月 (YROMB), four-corner 08627, composition )

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese

trad.
simp.

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ruːn, *ruːns, *run) : semantic (say) + phonetic (OC *run).

Etymology

Compare Mizo râwn (to ask advice, to consult, to ask) [high-tone], Mizo râwn (to suggest, to advise, to recommend) [low-tone].

Pronunciation 1



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /luən⁵¹/
Harbin /luən⁵³/
Tianjin /luən⁵³/
Jinan /luẽ⁴²/
Qingdao /luə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou /luən²¹³/
Xi'an /lyẽ²⁴/
Xining /lyə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /luŋ⁵³/ ~語
/luŋ¹³/ 言~
Lanzhou /lũn¹³/
Ürümqi /lun²¹³/
Wuhan /nən³⁵/
Chengdu /nən¹³/
/nuən¹³/
Guiyang /len²¹³/
Kunming /luə̃²¹²/
Nanjing /lun⁴⁴/
Hefei /lən⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /luəŋ¹¹/
/lyəŋ¹¹/
/luəŋ⁴⁵/
/lyəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /luŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /lũŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ləŋ²³/
Suzhou /lən³¹/
Hangzhou /len²¹³/
Wenzhou /lø³¹/
Hui Shexian /lʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /luːə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lən¹³/
Xiangtan /nən¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /lun⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /løn²²/
Nanning /lɐn²²/
Hong Kong /løn²²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lun³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /lɔuŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /lɔŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /luŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /lun³³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 3/3 2/3
Initial () (37) (37)
Final () (55) (55)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division () I I
Fanqie
Baxter lwonH lwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/luənH/ /luən/
Pan
Wuyun
/luonH/ /luon/
Shao
Rongfen
/luənH/ /luən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lwənH/ /lwən/
Li
Rong
/luənH/ /luən/
Wang
Li
/luənH/ /luən/
Bernard
Karlgren
/luənH/ /luən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
lùn lún
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
leon6 leon4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 3/3 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
lùn lún
Middle
Chinese
‹ lwonH › ‹ lwon ›
Old
Chinese
/*[r]ˁu[n]-s/ /*[r]ˁu[n]/
English discussion, discourse discuss, examine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/3 1/3
No. 8656 8649
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2 2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ruːns/ /*ruːn/

Definitions

  1. to discuss; to reason; to debate; to argue
  2. to assess; to evaluate; to judge; to weigh
  3. to state; to talk about; to recount
  4. to treat; to regard; to handle
  5. to take into consideration; to consider
  6. according to; on the basis of
  7. discussion; dialogue; discourse
  8. essay; discourse
  9. theory; thesis; system

Compounds

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/3
Initial () (37)
Final () (47)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter ljwin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/liuɪn/
Pan
Wuyun
/lʷin/
Shao
Rongfen
/ljuen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/lwin/
Li
Rong
/liuĕn/
Wang
Li
/lĭuĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/li̯uĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
lún
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
leon4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
lún
Middle
Chinese
‹ lwin ›
Old
Chinese
/*[r]u[n]/
English (in name of Lúnyǔ 論語)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 3/3
No. 8667
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*run/

Definitions

  1. to say directly or to the point
  2. Short for 論語论语 (Lúnyǔ, “Lunyu; Analects”).
  3. a surname

Compounds

Japanese

See also 論じる, and 論ずる

Kanji

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. argument, discussion

Readings

From Middle Chinese (MC luənH); compare Mandarin (lùn):

From Middle Chinese (MC liuɪn); compare Mandarin (lún):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds

Pronunciation

Noun

(ろん) (ron) 

  1. theory
    (ろん)より(しょう)()
    ron yori shōko
    the proof of the pudding is in the eating

References

  1. 2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 논할 (nonhal ron), South Korea 논할 (nonhal non))

  1. Hanja form? of / (argument, discussion).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: luận[1][2][3]
: Nôm readings: lọn[1][2][3][4][5], lộn[1][2][3][4][5], lụn[1][2][3][4][5], luồn[1][2][3][5], trọn[1][2][3][5], luận[1][2][5], trộn[1][3][5], chọn[1][3], tròn[2][5], lòn[4][5], dọn[1], rộn[1], soạn[1], giọn[3], lốn[3], gọn[4], lấn[4], lẩn[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of luận (essay).

Compounds

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  5. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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