Carnivoraformes

Carnivoraformes ("carnivoran-like forms") is a clade of placental mammals that includes the modern order Carnivora and its extinct stem-relatives.[2][3]

Carnivoraformes
Temporal range: early Paleocene to present[1]
Diversity of Carnivoraformes
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Mirorder: Ferae
Clade: Pan-Carnivora
Clade: Carnivoramorpha
Clade: Carnivoraformes
Flynn, 2010[2]
Subgroups
[see classification]

Classification and phylogeny

Classification

In 2010 Flynn, Finarelli & Spaulding named a new clade Carnivoraformes within Carnivoramorpha, containing carnivorans and "miacids" but not viverravids.[2] The authors defined Carnivoraformes as the clade containing Carnivora and all taxa that are more closely related to Carnivora (represented by Canis lupus) than to viverravids (represented by Viverravus gracilis).

  • Clade: Carnivoraformes (Flynn, 2010) [= Clade "A"]
    • Genus: †Africtis (Mattingly, 2020)
    • Genus: †Dawsonicyon (Spaulding, Flynn & Stucky, 2010)
    • Genus: †Miacis (Cope, 1872)
    • (unranked): Clade "B"
      • Family: †Quercygalidae (Kretzoi, 1945)
      • (unranked): †Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade
      • Genus: †Messelogale (Springhorn, 2000)
      • Genus: †Miocyon (Matthew, 1909)
      • Genus: †Simamphicyon (Viret, 1942)
      • Genus: †Uintacyon (paraphyletic genus) (Leidy, 1872)
      • Genus: †Xinyuictis (Zheng, 1975)
      • Genus: †Zodiocyon (Tong & Wang, 2006)
    • (unranked): Clade "C"
      • Genus: †Dormaalocyon (Solé, 2014)
      • (unranked): †Vulpavus clade
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Miacis" deutschi (Gingerich, 1983)
        • †"Miacis" exiguus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
    • (unranked): Clade "D"
      • Order: Carnivora (Bowdich, 1821) (carnivorans) [= Clade "E"]
        • Suborder: Caniformia (Kretzoi, 1943) ("dog-like" carnivorans)
        • Suborder: Feliformia (Kretzoi, 1945) ("cat-like" carnivorans)
      • Genus: †Ceruttia (Tomiya, 2013)
      • Genus: †Harpalodon (Marsh, 1872)
      • Genus: †Lycarion (Matthew, 1909)
      • Genus: †Neovulpavus (Wortman, 1901)
      • Genus: †Procynodictis (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
      • Genus: †Prodaphaenus (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
      • Genus: †Tapocyon (Stock, 1934)
      • Genus: †Walshius (Tomiya, 2013)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Miacis" gracilis (Clark, 1939)
        • †"Miacis" hargeri (Wortman, 1901)
        • †"Miacis" invictus (Matthew & Granger, 1925)
        • †"Miacis" lushiensis (Chow, 1975)
    • Incertae sedis:
      • †"Miacis" boqinghensis (Huang, 1999)
      • †"Miacis" hookwayi (Stock, 1934)
      • †"Miacis" latidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
      • †"Miacis" petilus (Gingerich, 1983)
      • †Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A (Tomiya, 2013)
      • †Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B (Tomiya, 2013)
    • ichnotaxa of Carnivoraformes:
      • Ichnogenus: †Falcatipes (Sargeant & Langston, 1994)

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of Carnivoraformes are shown in the following cladogram:[2][4][5][6]

 Carnivoramorpha 
 †Viverravidae 

†Viverravoidea

 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

 ? 

†Ravenictis

 sensu lato 
 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

 ? 

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

 ? 

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

 Carnivoraformes 
 Clade "B" 

†Eogale

†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

†Gracilocyon igniculus

†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

 †Gracilocyon

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

†Gracilocyon rosei

†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

 †Oodectes jepseni 

 †Oodectes 

 †Oodectes herpestoides 

 †Oodectes proximus 

 †Oodectes pugnax 

 †Uintacyon hookeri 

 †Uintacyon rudis 

 †Uintacyon 

 †Uintacyon massetericus 

 †Uintacyon vorax 

 †Uintacyon asodes 

 †Uintacyon edax 

 †Uintacyon acutus 

 †Uintacyon jugulans 

 †Uintacyon gingerichi 

†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

†Miocyon

†Simamphicyon

 †Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983) 

†Messelogale

†Quercygalidae

 Clade "C" 

†Palaearctonyx

 (†Phlaodectes) 

†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

†Vulpavus australis

†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

 †Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

†Dormaalocyon

†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

†Africtis

 ? 

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

 ? 

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

†Miacis

 Clade "D" 

†Lycarion

†"Miacis" hargeri

 ? 

†Ceruttia

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

†Harpalodon

†Prodaphaenus

†"Miacis" gracilis

†Procynodictis

†Tapocyon

 ? 

†Walshius

 Carnivora 

Caniformia

Feliformia

 sensu stricto 
†Gracilocyon/Oodectes clade
†Vulpavus clade
 (Carnivora [sensu lato]) 

See also

References
  1. Michelle Spaulding; John J. Flynn; Richard K. Stucky (2010). "A new basal Carnivoramorphan (Mammalia) from the 'Bridger B' (Black's Fork member, Bridger Formation, Bridgerian Nalma, middle Eocene) of Wyoming, USA". Palaeontology. 53 (4): 815–832. Bibcode:2010Palgy..53..815S. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00963.x.
  2. John J. Flynn; John A. Finarelli; Michelle Spaulding (2010). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations". In Anjali Goswami; Anthony Friscia (eds.). Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–63. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003. ISBN 9781139193436.
  3. Susumu Tomiya (2011). "A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624146T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146. PMC 3173397. PMID 21935380.
  4. Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). "Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1–21. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34....1S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013.
  5. Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E2480S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.
  6. Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). "Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1–115. Bibcode:2021JPal...95S...1T. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
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