單于

See also: 单于

Chinese
phonetic
trad. (單于) 單 于
simp. (单于) 单 于

Etymology

Earliest extant attestations of this title (reconstructed as *darƣʷa) are in Chinese language inscriptions found in ruins of Xiongnu's capital 龍城／龙城 (Lóngchéng), in modern Mongolia.[1]

Cognate with Mongolian ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ (daruɣ'a) / дарга (darga, “chief; head; governor”), Persian داروغه‎ (dâruğe, “governor”), Old Turkic 𐱃𐰺𐰴𐰣‎ (tarqan, “commander”).

Related to 答剌罕 (“tarkhan”), 達魯噶／达鲁噶 (“darugha”), 達魯花赤／达鲁花赤 (“darughachi”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 單 于
Reading # 2/4 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 仙 (77) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 市連切 羽俱切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑiᴇn/ /ɦɨo/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑiɛn/ /ɦio/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑjæn/ /ɣio/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑian/ /ɦuə̆/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiɛn/ /ɣio/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭɛn/ /ɣĭu/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯ɛn/ /i̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 chán yú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 sin4 jyu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 單 于
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 chán yú
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyen › ‹ hju ›
Old
Chinese		 /*dar/ (< *[d]ar) /*ɦʷa/ (< *ɢʷ(r)a)
English 單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn) 單于 chányú: Xiōngnú ruler (W. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 單 于
Reading # 2/4 1/1
No. 2027 15706
Phonetic
component		 單 于
Rime
group		 元 魚
Rime
subdivision		 1 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 鋋 于
Old
Chinese		 /*djan/ /*ɢʷa/
Notes 王筠雲籲初文

Noun

單于

  1. Chanyu, chief of the Xiongnu.

Proper noun

單于

  1. a surname

References
  1. Vovin, A. (2020). “Two Newly Found Xiōng-nú Inscriptions and Their Significance for the Early Linguistic History of Central Asia”, International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, 2(2), 315-322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/25898833-12340036

Japanese
Kanji in this term
單 于
ぜん
Jinmeiyō		 う
Hyōgaiji
goon on’yomi
Kanji in this term
單 于
せん
Jinmeiyō		 う
Hyōgaiji
kan’on on’yomi

Noun

單(ぜん)于(う) or 單(せん)于(う) • (zen'u or sen'u) 

  1. Kyūjitai form of 単于 (“Chanyu”)

Korean
Hanja in this term
單于

Noun

單于 • (seonu) (hangeul 선우)

  1. Hanja form? of 선우 (“Chanyu”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term
單于

Noun

單于

  1. chữ Hán form of thiền vu (“Chanyu”).
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