夜叉

Chinese

		phonetic
simp. and trad. (夜叉)		夜	叉

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit यक्ष (yakṣa).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yèchā

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ ㄔㄚ
Cantonese (Jyutping): je⁶ caa¹
Min Nan (POJ): iā-chhe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yèchā → yècha (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ ㄔㄚ → ㄧㄝˋ ˙ㄔㄚ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yèchå
  - Wade–Giles: yeh⁴-chʻa⁵
  - Yale: yè-cha
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeh.cha
  - Palladius: еча (ječa)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä⁵⁵/ → /jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰä¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: je⁶ caa¹
  - Yale: yeh chā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: je⁶ tsaa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yé⁶ ca¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛː²² t͡sʰaː⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iā-chhe
  - Tâi-lô: iā-tshe
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iaxzhef
  - IPA (Taipei): /ia³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ia³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /jia^H t͡ʃʰˠa/

Rime
Character	夜	叉
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	初 (19)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	羊謝切	初加切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jia^H/	/t͡ʃʰˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/jia^H/	/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ia^H/	/t͡ʃʰa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jia^H/	/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/
Li Rong	/ia^H/	/t͡ʃʰa/
Wang Li	/jĭa^H/	/t͡ʃʰa/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯a^H/	/ʈ͡ʂʰa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yè	chā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	je⁶	caa¹

Noun

夜叉

(Buddhism) yaksha (a malevolent spirit)
(by extension) a ferocious and hideous looking person
(figurative, humorous, dated) wife

Synonyms

藥叉／药叉

Derived terms

夜叉婆
夜叉星
母夜叉 (mǔyèchā)

笑面夜叉
魔王夜叉
夜叉國／夜叉国

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (夜叉):

→ Japanese: 夜(や)叉(しゃ) (yasha)
→ Korean: 야차(夜叉) (yacha)
→ Vietnamese: dạ-xoa (夜叉)

Japanese

夜叉 (yasha): a male and female yaksha.

Kanji in this term
夜	叉
や Grade: 2	しゃ Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 夜叉 (yæ^H cha?), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit यक्ष (yakṣa).[1][2]

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Goon

(Tokyo) やしゃ [yáꜜshà] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
IPA^(key): [ja̠ɕa̠]

Noun

夜(や)叉(しゃ) • (yasha) ^{←やしや (yasya)^?}

yaksha, a broad class of nature spirits or minor deities who appear in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain mythology. May be male or female, benevolent or malevolent.
(Buddhism) in Buddhism, yakshas are held to be followers of 毘沙門天 (Bishamonten, “Vaiśravaṇa, the chief of the Four Heavenly Kings”), and guardians of the north
(figurative) a demon
あの女(おんな)の子(こ)は怒(おこ)るとまさに夜叉(やしゃ)のようだよ。
Ano onna no ko wa okoru to masa ni yasha no yō da yo.
When that girl gets angry, she's a real demon.

Idioms

夜叉(やしゃ)が馬(うま)を見(み)たよう (yasha ga uma o mita yō): "like when the yaksha saw the horse" → an expression of extreme happiness, from a story of a yaksha who lost his horse

Synonyms

薬叉(やくしゃ) (yakusha)

Derived terms

夜叉五倍子(ヤシャブシ) (yashabushi): Alnus firma, a type of alder tree
夜叉竹(ヤシャダケ) (yashadake): Semiarundinaria yashadake, a type of bamboo
夜叉柄杓(ヤシャビシャク) (yashabishaku): Ribes ambiguum, a type of flowering plant related to currants and gooseberry
夜叉薇(ヤシャゼンマイ) (yashazenmai): Osmunda lancea, the Japanese lancea flowering fern

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
夜	叉

Noun

夜叉 • (yacha) (hangeul 야차)

Hanja form^? of 야차 (“yaksha”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
夜	叉

Noun

夜叉

chữ Hán form of dạ-xoa (“yaksha”).

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[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN