始祖

Chinese

		begin	ancestor; forefather; grandparents
trad. (始祖)		始	祖
simp. ^#(始祖)		始	祖

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shǐzǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄕˇ ㄗㄨˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ci² zou²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ́-chú / chhṳ́-chú
Min Dong (BUC): sṳ̄-cū
Min Nan (POJ): sí-chó͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shǐzǔ [Phonetic: shízǔ]
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˇ ㄗㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shǐhzǔ
  - Wade–Giles: shih³-tsu³
  - Yale: shř-dzǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyytzuu
  - Palladius: шицзу (šiczu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡su²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ci² zou²
  - Yale: chí jóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsi² dzou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: qi² zou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiː³⁵ t͡sou̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́-chú / chhṳ́-chú
  - Hakka Romanization System: sii` zu` / cii` zu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: si³ zu³ / ci³ zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹ t͡su³¹/, /t͡sʰɨ³¹ t͡su³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ́-chú
  - Hakka Romanization System: sii` zu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: si³ zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /sɨ³¹ t͡su³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̄-cū
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sy³³⁻³⁵ ^(t͡s-)ʒu³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sí-chó͘
  - Tâi-lô: sí-tsóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: syzor
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sɔ⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: /ɕɨ^X t͡suo^X/

Rime
Character	始	祖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	之 (19)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	詩止切	則古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕɨ^X/	/t͡suo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕɨ^X/	/t͡suo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕie^X/	/t͡so^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕɨ^X/	/t͡sɔ^X/
Li Rong	/ɕiə^X/	/t͡so^X/
Wang Li	/ɕĭə^X/	/t͡su^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi^X/	/t͡suo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shǐ	zǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si²	zou²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥əʔ [ts]ˤaʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*hljɯʔ ʔsaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	始	祖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shǐ	zǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ syi^X ›	‹ tsu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥əʔ/	/*[ts]ˁaʔ/
English	begin	ancestor
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	始	祖
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12291	10398
Phonetic component	台	且
Rime group	之	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	始	祖
Old Chinese	/*hljɯʔ/	/*ʔsaːʔ/

Noun

始祖

(literally) earliest ancestor; primogenitor; progenitor
(figuratively) originator; initiator; creator; founder

Synonyms

(earliest ancestor): 鼻祖 (bízǔ), (literary) 先祖 (xiānzǔ)
(originator): 鼻祖 (bízǔ)

Derived terms

始祖鳥／始祖鸟 (shǐzǔniǎo)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (始祖):

→ Japanese: 始祖(しそ) (shiso)
→ Korean: 시조(始祖) (sijo)
→ Vietnamese: thuỷ tổ (始祖)

Adjective

始祖

(attributive) primitive; archaeo-

Synonyms

(literary) 草昧 (cǎomèi)
原始 (yuánshǐ)

Antonyms

開化／开化 (kāihuà)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
始	祖
し Grade: 3	そ Grade: 5
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
始祖 (kyūjitai)

Noun

始(し)祖(そ) • (shiso)

founder

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