| to help; to assist; to aid | to lead; to divert (water); to guide | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (援引) |
援 | 引 | |
| Rime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 援 | 援 | 引 | 引 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 云 (35) | 云 (35) | 以 (36) | 以 (36) |
| Final (韻) | 元 (66) | 仙 (80) | 眞 (43) | 眞 (43) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III | III | III |
| Fanqie | 雨元切 | 王眷切 | 余忍切 | 羊晉切 |
| Reconstructions | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦʉɐn/ | /ɦˠiuᴇnH/ | /jiɪnX/ | /jiɪnH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦʷiɐn/ | /ɦʷᵚiɛnH/ | /jinX/ | /jinH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣiuɐn/ | /ɣiuænH/ | /jenX/ | /jenH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦuan/ | /ɦwianH/ | /jinX/ | /jinH/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣiuɐn/ | /ɣjuɛnH/ | /iĕnX/ | /iĕnH/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣĭwɐn/ | /ɣĭwɛnH/ | /jĭĕnX/ | /jĭĕnH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/i̯wɐn/ | /i̯wɛnH/ | /i̯ĕnX/ | /i̯ĕnH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
yuán | yuàn | yǐn | yìn |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
jyun4 | jyun6 | jan5 | jan6 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 援 | 引 | 引 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
yuán | yǐn | yǐn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ hjwon › | ‹ yinX › | ‹ yinH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[ɢ]ʷa[n]/ | /*li[n]ʔ/ | /*li[n]ʔ-s/ |
| English | pull up | draw the bow | draw the bow |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 援 | 援 | 引 | 引 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 16167 | 16175 | 15306 | 15312 |
| Phonetic component |
爰 | 爰 | 引 | 引 |
| Rime group |
元 | 元 | 眞 | 眞 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
瑗 | 袁 | 引 | 𦙍 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɢʷans/ | /*ɢʷan/ | /*linʔ/ | /*lins/ |