happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old |
country; state; nation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (故國) | 故 | 國 | |
| simp. (故国) | 故 | 国 | |
| anagram | 國故／国故 | ||
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 故 | 國 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) | 登 (132) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Checked (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 古暮切 | 古或切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kuoH/ | /kwək̚/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/kuoH/ | /kʷək̚/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/koH/ | /kuək̚/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kɔH/ | /kwək̚/ |
| Li Rong |
/koH/ | /kuək̚/ |
| Wang Li |
/kuH/ | /kuək̚/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/kuoH/ | /kwək̚/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
gù | guo |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
gu3 | gwak1 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 故 | 國 |
| Reading # | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
gù | guó |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ kuH › | ‹ kwok › |
| Old Chinese |
/*kˁaʔ-s/ | /*[C.q]ʷˁək/ |
| English | old (not new) | state (n.) |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 故 | 國 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| No. | 4228 | 5547 |
| Phonetic component |
古 | 或 |
| Rime group |
魚 | 職 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
顧 | 國 |
| Old Chinese |
/*kaːs/ | /*kʷɯːɡ/ |
故國