柔

柔 U+67D4, 柔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67D4
← 染
[U+67D3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 柕 →
[U+67D5]

Translingual

Han character

柔 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓竹木 (NHD), four-corner 17904, composition ⿱矛木)

References
  • KangXi: page 519, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14622
  • Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1192, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+67D4

Chinese
trad. 柔
simp. # 柔

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (矛) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
堥 *muː, *mu
蓩 *muːʔ, *moːɡ
猱 *ml'uː, *mljiwʔ, *ml'us
茅 *mruː
罞 *mruː, *muːŋ
蝥 *mruː, *mu, *mo, *moɡs
鶜 *mruː
瞀 *moːɡs, *mroːɡ
愗 *moːɡs
袤 *mus
雺 *mus, *mu, *muːŋ, *muːŋs
懋 *mus
楙 *mus
矛 *mu
蟊 *mu
髳 *mu, *muːŋ
鍪 *mu
鞪 *mu, *moːɡ
糅 *ml'us
腬 *ml'us, *mlju
柔 *mlju
揉 *mju
蹂 *mju, *mjuʔ, *mjus
鍒 *mju
騥 *mju
蝚 *mju
葇 *mju, *mjuʔ
鞣 *mju, *mjus
鰇 *mju
瑈 *mju
鶔 *mju
楺 *mjuʔ
煣 *mjuʔ, *mjus
輮 *mjuʔ, *mjus
韖 *mjuʔ
敄 *moʔ, *mos
務 *moɡs
鶩 *moɡs, *moːɡ
騖 *moɡs
婺 *moɡs
霚 *moɡs, *moːŋ
嵍 *moɡs
霧 *moɡs, *moːŋ
霿 *moːŋ, *moːŋs
楘 *moːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *mlju) : phonetic 矛 (OC *mu) + semantic 木 (“tree”) – wood soft enough that it can easily be cut.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *now (“tender; soft”), which has also been compared to 軟 (OC *njonʔ, “soft”), 弱 (OC *njewɢ, “weak”), 肉 (OC *njuɡ, “meat”), 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “cowardly”), 荏 (OC *njɯmʔ, “weak”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 柔
Mandarin Beijing /ʐou³⁵/
Harbin /ʐou²⁴/
Tianjin /iou⁴⁵/
/ʐou⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʐou⁴²/
Qingdao /iou⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐou⁴²/
Xi'an /ʐou²⁴/
Xining /ʐɯ²¹³/
Yinchuan /ʐəu⁵³/
Lanzhou /ʐou⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʐɤu⁵¹/
Wuhan /nəu²¹³/
Chengdu /zəu³¹/
Guiyang /zəu²¹/
Kunming /ʐəu³¹/
Nanjing /ʐəɯ²⁴/
Hefei /ʐɯ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /zəu¹¹/
Pingyao /ʐəu¹³/
Hohhot /ʐəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /zɤ²³/
Suzhou /zɤ¹³/
Hangzhou /zei²¹³/
Wenzhou /jɤu³¹/
Hui Shexian /iu⁴⁴/
Tunxi
Xiang Changsha /iəu¹³/
Xiangtan /iəɯ¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /iu¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jɐu²¹/
Nanning /jɐu²¹/
Hong Kong /jɐu²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /liu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ieu⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /iu²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /zĩu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ziu²¹³/
Rime
Character 柔
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 耳由切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ȵɨu/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ȵiu/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȵʑiəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ȵuw/
Li
Rong		 /ȵiu/
Wang
Li		 /ȵʑĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȵʑi̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 róu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 jau4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 柔
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 róu
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nyuw ›
Old
Chinese		 /*nu/
English soft

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 柔
Reading # 1/1
No. 8825
Phonetic
component		 矛
Rime
group		 幽
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 柔
Old
Chinese		 /*mlju/

Definitions

柔

  1. soft; supple
  2. to soften
  3. gentle; pliant
  4. to make gentle
  5. (～州) Short for 柔佛 (Róufó, “Johor”).

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (柔):
  • → Japanese: 柔(じゅう) (jū)
  • → Korean: 유(柔) (yu)
  • → Vietnamese: nhu (柔)

Compounds
Derived terms from 柔

Japanese

Kanji
柔

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
  • 外(がい)柔(じゅう)内(ない)剛(ごう) (gaijūnaigō)
  • 柔(やわ)柔(やわ) (yawayawa)

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
柔
じゅう
Grade: S
kan’on

/d͡ʑɨu/ → /d͡ʑuː/ → /ʑuː/

From Middle Chinese 柔 (MC ȵɨu).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

Affix

柔(じゅう) • (jū) ←じう (ziu)?

  1. gentle, soft, supple
  2. calm, gentle, mild, peaceful
  3. calm, relieve, soften
  4. martial art involving gentleness, such as jujitsu or judo
Derived terms
Derived terms

Noun

柔(じゅう) • (jū) ←じう (ziu)?

  1. gentleness, softness, suppleness; also, such an object
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 柔(じゅう)細(さい)胞(ぼう) (jūsaibō)
  • 柔(じゅう)組(そ)織(しき) (jūsoshiki)
  • 柔(じゅう)懦(だ) (jūda)
  • 柔(じゅう)突(とっ)起(き) (jūtokki)
  • 柔(じゅう)毛(もう) (jūmō)
Idioms
  • 柔(じゅう)能(よ)く剛(ごう)を制(せい)す (jū yoku gō o seisu)
  • 柔(じゅう)も亦(また)茹(くら)わず剛(ごう)も亦(また)吐(は)かず (jū mo mata kurawazu gō mo mata hakazu)

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
柔
にゅう
Grade: S
goon

/nɨu/ → /ɲuː/

From Middle Chinese 柔 (MC ȵɨu).

The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the earlier borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) にゅう [nyùú] (Heiban – [0])
  • IPA(key): [ɲ̟ɯ̟ᵝː]

Affix

柔(にゅう) • (nyū) ←にう (niu)?

  1. gentle, supple, weak
  2. kindhearted
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
柔
やわ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
和

/jaɸa/ → /jawa/

Possibly a back-formation of 柔柔 (yawayawa, “soft, supple”).

Pronunciation

Adjective

柔(やわ) • (yawa) ←やは (yafa)?-na (adnominal 柔(やわ)な (yawa na), adverbial 柔(やわ)に (yawa ni))

  1. weak
Derived terms

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
柔
やわ(ら)
Grade: S
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 柔 – see 柔ら.
(This term, 柔, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.)

(The following entry is uncreated: 柔ら.)

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

柔 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

柔: Hán Nôm readings: nhu

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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