柯

柯 U+67EF, 柯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67EF
← 柮
[U+67EE] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 柰 →
[U+67F0]

Translingual

Han character

柯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木一弓口 (DMNR), four-corner 41920, composition ⿰木可)

Derived characters

References
  • KangXi: page 520, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14658
  • Dae Jaweon: page 908, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+67EF

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 柯
alternative forms 牁 ancient

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
砢 *ɡ·raːlʔ
柯 *kaːl
菏 *kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁 *kaːl
滒 *kaːl
哥 *kaːl
歌 *kaːl
謌 *kaːl
鴚 *kaːl
哿 *kaːlʔ
舸 *kaːlʔ
笴 *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻 *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂 *kʰaːl
可 *kʰaːlʔ
岢 *kʰaːlʔ
坷 *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵 *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵 *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶 *qʰaːl
抲 *qʰaːl
荷 *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何 *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河 *ɡaːl
苛 *ɡaːl
魺 *ɡaːl
袔 *ɡaːls
阿 *qaːl
妸 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴 *qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳 *qaːl
娿 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾 *qaːl
跒 *kʰraːlʔ
閜 *qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːl) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Etymology

Same word as 牁 (OC *kaːl, “mooring post for a boat”) and related to 軻 (OC *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls, “a pair of wheels upon an axle tree”); perhaps related to 幹 (OC *kaːns, “stem, support”) but distinct from 竿 (OC *kaːn, “pole”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • koa - vernacular (surname);
  • kho - literary.
Note:
  • gua1 - vernacular (surname);
  • ko1 - literary.
Rime
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古俄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kɑ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kɑ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ka/
Li
Rong		 /kɑ/
Wang
Li		 /kɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gē
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 go1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 kē
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ka ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]ˁar/
English axe-handle

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
No. 7433
Phonetic
component		 可
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 歌
Old
Chinese		 /*kaːl/

Definitions

柯

  1. (literary) axe handle
  2. (literary) stalk; branch
  3. a surname
    柯文哲  ―  Kē Wénzhé  ―  Ko Wen-je, incumbent mayor of Taipei
  4. Short for 柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī, “Kyrgyz (the people, language, etc.)”).
  5. Lithocarpus; stone oak

Descendants
  • → English: Ke, Ko, Or, Quah, Qua, Kuah, Kua, Kwa
  • → Tagalog: Cua (via Hokkien)

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji
柯

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings
  • Go-on: か (ka)
  • Kan-on: か (ka)
  • Kun: え (e, 柯)

Korean

Hanja

柯 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

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Vietnamese

Han character

柯: Hán Nôm readings: kha

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References
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