| oxen and horses; beasts of burden | to walk; to go; to move to walk; to go; to move; to leave | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (牛馬走) | 牛馬 | 走 | |
| simp. (牛马走) | 牛马 | 走 | |
| Rime | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 牛 | 馬 | 走 | 走 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 疑 (31) | 明 (4) | 精 (13) | 精 (13) |
| Final (韻) | 尤 (136) | 麻 (98) | 侯 (137) | 侯 (137) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Rising (X) | Rising (X) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | II | I | I |
| Fanqie | 語求切 | 莫下切 | 子苟切 | 則候切 |
| Reconstructions | ||||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ŋɨu/ | /mˠaX/ | /t͡səuX/ | /t͡səuH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ŋiu/ | /mᵚaX/ | /t͡səuX/ | /t͡səuH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ŋiəu/ | /maX/ | /t͡səuX/ | /t͡səuH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ŋuw/ | /maɨX/ | /t͡səwX/ | /t͡səwH/ |
| Li Rong |
/ŋiu/ | /maX/ | /t͡suX/ | /t͡suH/ |
| Wang Li |
/ŋĭəu/ | /maX/ | /t͡səuX/ | /t͡səuH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ŋi̯ə̯u/ | /maX/ | /t͡sə̯uX/ | /t͡sə̯uH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
yóu | mǎ | zǒu | zòu |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
ngau4 | maa5 | zau2 | zau3 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 牛 | 馬 | 走 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
niú | mǎ | zǒu |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ ngjuw › | ‹ mæX › | ‹ tsuwX › |
| Old Chinese |
/*[ŋ]ʷə/ (< uvular?) | /*mˁraʔ/ | /*[ts]ˁoʔ/ |
| English | ox | horse | run |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 牛 | 馬 | 走 | 走 |
| Reading # | 1/1 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| No. | 9564 | 8715 | 17906 | 17907 |
| Phonetic component |
牛 | 馬 | 走 | 走 |
| Rime group |
之 | 魚 | 侯 | 侯 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
牛 | 馬 | 走 | 奏 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ŋʷɯ/ | /*mraːʔ/ | /*ʔsoːʔ/ | /*ʔsoːs/ |