空
See also: 🈳
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
空 (Kangxi radical 116, 穴+3, 8 strokes, cangjie input 十金一 (JCM), four-corner 30101, composition ⿱穴工)
Derived characters
References
- KangXi: page 863, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25415
- Dae Jaweon: page 1289, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2719, character 8
- Unihan data for U+7A7A
Chinese
| trad. | 空 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 空 | |
| alternative forms | 𠀝 𫞹 𢦉 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 空 |
|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Small seal script |
 |
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs) : semantic 穴 (“cave, hole”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (“nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi ko³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
空
- empty; hollow; void
- exhausted; emptied
- open; spacious; vast
- quiet and still; secluded
- lacking substance; fictitious; fabricated
- (Min Dong) hungry
- air; sky; atmosphere
- space; outer space; cosmos; universe
- (Buddhism) sunyata; emptiness; void of the world of the senses
- (Taoism) emptiness and quiet
- in vain; for nothing
- only (left, remain, etc.)
- to exhaust
- to miss the target
- (Min Nan, Taiwanese Hakka) hole; cavity
Synonyms
- (empty): (Cantonese, euphemistic) 吉 (gat1)
- (hungry):
Dialectal synonyms of 餓 (“hungry”) [map]
- (hole):
Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 孔, 洞, 穴 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 窟窿 |
| Jinan | 窟窿 | |
| Luoyang | 窟窿 | |
| Wanrong | 窟窿 | |
| Xi'an | 窟窿子, 窟窿 | |
| Wuhan | 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞 | |
| Chengdu | 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞 | |
| Liuzhou | 窿 | |
| Yangzhou | 洞, 窟窿 | |
| Nanjing | 窟窿 | |
| Hefei | 窟窿, 洞 | |
| Singapore | 洞 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 窿, 咕窿 |
| Hong Kong | 窿, 咕窿 | |
| Taishan | 孔 | |
| Yangjiang | 窿 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 窿 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 窿 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 洞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 窿仔, 窿空仔 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 空 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 空 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 空 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 空 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 空 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 空 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 窟窿, 窟子 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 川 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 空空 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 空, 空口 |
| Quanzhou | 空 | |
| Zhangzhou | 空口 | |
| Zhangzhou (Changtai) | 空 | |
| Taipei | 空 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 空 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 空 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 空 | |
| Chaozhou | 空 | |
| Jieyang | 空, 洞 | |
| Haifeng | 空 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 空 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 窿 |
| Wu | Suzhou | 洞 |
| Wenzhou | 洞, 窟, 窟窿 | |
| Jinhua | 窟窿 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 洞, 洞子 |
| Shuangfeng | 眼貢, 洞 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 空
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Pronunciation 2
Definitions
空
Synonyms
- (zero):
Dialectal synonyms of 零 (“zero”) [map]
- (spare time):
Synonyms of 空
- (empty): (Cantonese) 吉
Compounds
Pronunciation 3
Descendants
References
- “空”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02955
Japanese
Readings
- Go-on: く (ku); くう (kū, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こう (kō)
- Kun: あく (aku, 空く, Jōyō); あける (akeru, 空ける, Jōyō); から (kara, 空, Jōyō); そら (sora, 空, Jōyō); うつける (utsukeru, 空ける); うつ (utsu, 空); うつお (utsuo, 空); うつぼ (utsubo, 空); うつろ (utsuro, 空ろ); うろ (uro, 空); すく (suku, 空く); むなしい (munashii, 空しい); あな (ana, 空)
- Nanori: たか (taka)
Compounds
- 空穂 (utsubo)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| そら Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 虚 |
⟨so1ra⟩ → */sʷora/ → /sora/
From Old Japanese, apparently from Proto-Japonic *sora.
Prefix
空 • (kara)
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| くう Grade: 1 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).
The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit शून्यता (śūnyatā).
Pronunciation
Noun
空 • (kū)
Derived terms
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| うろ Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see 虚. (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: 虚.)
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| うつお Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see 虚. (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: 虚.)
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| うつぼ Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 空 – see うつぼ. (This term, 空, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entry is uncreated: うつぼ.)
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 空 (MC kʰuŋ, kʰuŋH).
Hanja
| 00[a], [b] | ||||
| 0 | 1 → | 10 → | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sino-Korean: 영 (yeong), 령 (ryeong), (as digit, not number) 공 (gong) Hanja: 零, 空 | ||||
Wikisource 空 (eumhun 빌 공 (bil gong))
Compounds
Compounds
- 공간 (空間, gonggan)
- 공군 (空軍, gonggun)
- 공기 (空器, gonggi)
- 공기 (空氣, gonggi)
- 공담 (空談, gongdam)
- 공동 (空洞, gongdong)
- 공론 (空論, gongnon)
- 공리 (空理, gongni)
- 공복 (空腹, gongbok)
- 공상 (空想, gongsang)
- 공석 (空席, gongseok)
- 공수 (空輸, gongsu)
- 공습 (空襲, gongseup)
- 공언 (空言, gong'eon)
- 공연 (空然, gong'yeon)
- 공일 (空日, gong'il)
- 공장 (空腸, gongjang)
- 공적 (空寂, gongjeok)
- 공중 (空中, gongjung)
- 공지 (空地, gongji)
- 공책 (空冊, gongchaek)
- 공포 (空砲, gongpo)
- 공폭 (空爆, gongpok)
- 공핍 (空乏, gongpip)
- 공항 (空港, gonghang)
- 공허 (空虛, gongheo)
- 공활 (空豁, gonghwal)
- 가공 (架空, gagong)
- 고공 (高空, gogong)
- 누공 (壘空, nugong)
- 누공 (屢空, nugong)
- 등공 (騰空, deunggong)
- 반공 (半空, ban'gong)
- 방공 (防空, banggong)
- 벽공 (碧空, byeokgong)
- 영공/령공 (領空, yeonggong/ryeonggong)
- 용공 (聳空, yonggong)
- 익공 (匿空, ikgong)
- 일공 (一空, ilgong)
- 저공 (低空, jeogong)
- 진공 (眞空, jin'gong)
- 착공 (鑿空, chakgong)
- 창공 (蒼空, changgong)
- 천공 (天空, cheon'gong)
- 청공 (晴空, cheonggong)
- 청공 (靑空, cheonggong)
- 폐공 (蔽空, pyegong)
- 항공 (航空, hanggong)
- 허공 (虛空, heogong)
- 방공호 (防空壕, banggongho)
- 항공기 (航空機, hanggonggi)
- 항공사 (航空社, hanggongsa)
- 손오공 (孫悟空, ^sonogong)
Okinawan
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 空 |
| すら Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Borrowed from Japanese 空 (sora) (or more exactly, an earlier form of it).
As remarked by Igarashi (2022)[1], the inherited meaning of this term in Ryukyuan languages is not "sky", but "treetop".
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /suɾa/
References
- Igarashi, Yosuke. "Reconstruction of Ryukyuan tone classes of Middle Japanese Class 2.4 and 2.5 nouns".
Vietnamese
Han character
空: Hán Việt readings: không (
空: Nôm readings: không[1][2][3][4][5][6], khung[1][2][3], khỏng[3][7][6], khong[1], cung[3], khống[4]
Compounds
Compounds
- 空間 (không gian)
- 空虚 (không hư)
- 空氣 (không khí)
- 空軍 (không quân)
- 空襲 (không tập)
- 空手 (không thủ)
- 空中 (không trung)
- 空想 (không tưởng)
- 真空 (chân không)
- 航空 (hàng không)
- 虛空 (hư không)
- 防空 (phòng không)
- 數空 (số không)
- 太空 (thái không)
- 孫悟空 (Tôn Ngộ Không)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Génibrel (1898).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
- Hồ (1976).
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