函

See also: 凾

函	U+51FD, 函 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51FD

← 凼
[U+51FC]

CJK Unified Ideographs

凾 →
[U+51FE]

Translingual

Han character

函 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 山弓水 (UNE) or 弓山水 (NUE), four-corner 1077₂, composition ⿶凵⿻丂⿱丷八)

Derived characters

𠗙, 㖤, 𫱂, 𢃗, 𢔈, 𭡝, 涵, 𨺂, 㮀, 𪻱, 𦜆, 𭄃, 𥓞, 䘶, 蜬, 𧖾, 𬢲, 䤴, 𣣖, 顄(𱂰)
菡, 䈄, 䨡, 𣼇

References

KangXi: page 135, character 16
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1826
Dae Jaweon: page 303, character 10
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 309, character 9
Unihan data for U+51FD

Chinese

simp. and trad.		函
alternative forms		圅

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 函
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (函) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
蜬	kuːm, ɡuːm
函	ɡuːm, ɡruːm
涵	ɡuːm, ɡuːmʔ
顄	ɡuːm, ɡuːmʔ
圅	*ɡuːm
菡	*ɡuːmʔ

Originally 圅, a pictogram (象形) – an upside-down arrow stored inside a box with one or two handles.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hán (han²)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁴
Min Dong (BUC): hàng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hâm

(Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁵ / hang⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hán
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hán
  - Wade–Giles: han²
  - Yale: hán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
  - Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: haam⁴
  - Yale: hàahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
  - Tâi-lô: hâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haam
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ham²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ham⁵ / hang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâm / hâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham⁵⁵/, /haŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɦʌm/, /ɦˠɛm/

Rime
Character	函	函
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	胡男切	胡讒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʌm/	/ɦˠɛm/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəm/	/ɦᵚæm/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɒm/	/ɣɐm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəm/	/ɦəɨm/
Li Rong	/ɣᴀm/	/ɣɐm/
Wang Li	/ɣɒm/	/ɣɐm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm/	/ɣăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hán	xián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham⁴	haam⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːm/, /*ɡruːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	函
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hán
Middle Chinese	‹ hom ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə-m-kˁ[ə]m/
English	envelop, contain
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	函	函
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4861	4869
Phonetic component	函	函
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	含	咸
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːm/	/*ɡruːm/

Definitions

函

^† to include
^† box
(formal) letter (Classifier: 個／个 m)
發函／发函 ― fāhán ― to send a letter

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 信 (“letter”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		書, 函, 書札, 書函, 便紙 Korea
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		信, 函, 書信, 信件, 信函, 信札, 函件, 書函, 書簡, 書牘, 書札
Mandarin	Beijing	信
	Taiwan	信
	Yantai (Muping)	信
	Jinan	信
	Luoyang	信
	Wanrong	信
	Xi'an	信
	Yinchuan	信
	Lanzhou	信
	Xining	信
	Ürümqi	信
	Wuhan	信
	Chengdu	信
	Guiyang	信
	Guilin	信
	Liuzhou	信
	Xuzhou	信
	Yangzhou	信
	Nanjing	信
	Hefei	信
	Malaysia	信
	Singapore	信
	Dagudi (Maliba)	信
	Reshuitang (Longling)	信
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	信
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	信
Cantonese	Guangzhou	信
	Hong Kong	信
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	信
	Macau	信
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	信
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	信
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	信
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	信
	Foshan	信
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	信
	Foshan (Shunde)	信
	Foshan (Sanshui)	信
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	信
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	信
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	信
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	信
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	信
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	信
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	信
	Taishan	信
	Kaiping (Chikan)	信
	Enping (Niujiang)	信
	Heshan (Yayao)	信
	Dongguan	信
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	信
	Shaoguan	信
	Yunfu	信
	Yangjiang	信
	Xinyi	信
	Lianjiang	信
	Beihai	信
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	信
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	信
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	信
	Singapore (Guangfu)	信
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	信
	Móng Cái	信
Gan	Nanchang	信
	Lichuan	信
	Pingxiang	信
Hakka	Meixian	信
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	信
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	信
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	信
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	信
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	信
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	信
	Wuhua (Changbu)	信
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	信
	Conghua (Lütian)	信
	Luhe	信仔
	Yudu	信
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	信仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	信仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	信仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	信
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	信仔, 信
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	批, 信
	Hong Kong	信
Huizhou	Jixi	信
Jin	Taiyuan	信
Jin	Xinzhou	信
Min Bei	Jian'ou	信
	Songxi	信
	Jianyang	信
Min Dong	Fuzhou	批
	Gutian	批
	Pingnan	批, 信
	Ningde	批
	Zhouning	批
	Fuding	信
	Matsu	批
	Singapore (Fuqing)	批
Min Nan	Xiamen	批, 批信
	Quanzhou	批, 批信
	Yongchun	批
	Zhangzhou	批, 批信
	Zhao'an	批
	Taipei	批
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	批
	Kaohsiung	批
	Yilan	批
	Changhua (Lukang)	批
	Taichung	批
	Taichung (Wuqi)	批
	Tainan	批, 批信
	Taitung	批
	Hsinchu	批
	Kinmen	批
	Penghu (Magong)	批
	Penang (Hokkien)	批
	Singapore (Hokkien)	批, 批信
	Manila (Hokkien)	批
	Longyan	信
	Datian	信
	Chaozhou	信, 批 international incoming letters
	Bangkok (Teochew)	信, 家批 dated
	Singapore (Teochew)	信, 批
	Batam (Teochew)	信
	Leizhou	信
	Wenchang	信 domestic, 批 international
	Haikou	信
	Singapore (Hainanese)	信, 批
Puxian Min	Putian	批
	Xianyou	批
	Fuding (Aoyao)	批
Min Zhong	Yong'an	信
Min Zhong	Shaxian	信
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	信
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	信
Wu	Shanghai	信
	Shanghai (Chongming)	信
	Suzhou	信
	Danyang	信
	Ningbo	信
	Wenzhou	信
	Jinhua	信
Xiang	Changsha	信
	Loudi	信
	Shuangfeng	信

Compounds

便函 (biànhán)
信函 (xìnhán)
修函
公函 (gōnghán)
函丈
函人 (hánrén)
函件 (hánjiàn)
函告
函夏
函弘
函授 (hánshòu)
函洞
函甲
函道
去函
回函 (huíhán)
密函
崤函 (Xiáo Hán)
泥封函谷
玉函

琅函
私函 (sīhán)
空函
致函 (zhìhán)
通函
黑函 (hēihán)
三角函數／三角函数 (sānjiǎo hánshù)
二次函數／二次函数 (èrcì hánshù)
來函／来函 (láihán)
偶函數／偶函数 (ǒuhánshù)
函授學校／函授学校
函數／函数 (hánshù)
函牘／函牍
函請／函请
函谷關／函谷关 (Hángǔ Guān)
函購／函购
函電／函电 (hándiàn)
函館／函馆 (Hánguǎn)
初等函數／初等函数 (chūděng hánshù)
匭函／匦函

存證信函／存证信函
寶函／宝函
導函數／导函数 (dǎohánshù)
席間函丈／席间函丈
廣告函件／广告函件
指數函數／指数函数 (zhǐshù hánshù)
書函／书函 (shūhán)
有理函數／有理函数 (yǒulǐ hánshù)
淵鑑類函／渊鉴类函
瑤函／瑶函
瑯函／琅函
發函／发函 (fāhán)
箋函／笺函
線型函數／线型函数
肅函／肃函
臺函／台函
解析函數／解析函数 (jiěxī hánshù)
謝函／谢函
賀函／贺函
鮫函／鲛函

References

“函”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

函

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

a box-shaped receptacle, e.g. a coin bank or letter box (e.g. 銭函, 投函する)
to insert [into a container] (cf. 入れる, 容れる)
a suit of armor (more commonly 鎧)

Readings

Go-on: ごん (gon)
Kan-on: かん (kan)
Kun: はこ (hako, 函); いれる (ireru, 函れる); よろい (yoroi)

Compounds

函(はこ)館(だて) (Hakodate)

Definitions

Kanji in this term
函
はこ Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 函 – see the following entry.

【箱はこ】3

[noun] [from 720] a box: a container with a lid

[noun] [from 1120] (archaic) a chamber pot for feces; (by extension) feces

[noun] [from 1771] (archaic) a shamisen case; (by extension) a shamisen; (by extension) a man or other geisha who accompanies a geisha and carries their shamisen case

[noun] (slang) small ライブハウス (raibu hausu, “music venue”)

[noun] (Internet slang) Xbox

Alternative spellings
函, 筥, 匣, 筐, 篋

(This term, 函, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 函 (MC ɦʌm, ɦˠɛm).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅘᅡᆷ (Yale: hhàm)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	함〯 (Yale: hǎm)	함 (Yale: hàm)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠(ː)m]
Phonetic hangul: [함(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 函 (eumhun 함 함 (ham ham))

Hanja form^? of 함 (“box”). [noun]

Compounds

서함 (書函, seoham)
함수 (函數, hamsu)
우편함 (郵便函, upyeonham)
사물함 (私物函, samulham)
수신함 (受信函, susinham)
보관함 (保管函, bogwanham)
문서함 (文書函, munseoham)
구급함 (救急函, gugeupham)
투표함 (投票函, tupyoham)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

函: Hán Nôm readings: hòm, hàm

References

Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)

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