| three | emperor; surname | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (三皇) |
三 | 皇 | |
| Rime | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 三 | 三 | 皇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 心 (16) | 心 (16) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 談 (143) | 談 (143) | 唐 (102) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I | I |
| Fanqie | 蘇甘切 | 蘇暫切 | 胡光切 |
| Reconstructions | |||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/sɑm/ | /sɑmH/ | /ɦwɑŋ/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/sɑm/ | /sɑmH/ | /ɦʷɑŋ/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/sɑm/ | /sɑmH/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/sam/ | /samH/ | /ɦwaŋ/ |
| Li Rong |
/sɑm/ | /sɑmH/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Wang Li |
/sɑm/ | /sɑmH/ | /ɣuɑŋ/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/sɑm/ | /sɑmH/ | /ɣwɑŋ/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
sān | sàn | huáng |
| Expected Cantonese Reflex |
saam1 | saam3 | wong4 |
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 三 | 三 | 皇 | 皇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
sān | sān | huáng | huáng |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ sam › | ‹ samH › | ‹ hwang › | ‹ hwang › |
| Old Chinese |
/*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?) | /*s.r[u]m-s/ (*s.r- > *s-, infl. by 四 *s-?) | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ | /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/ |
| English | three | three times | yellow and white spotted | sovereign |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | ||||
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Character | 三 | 三 | 皇 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 | 1/1 |
| No. | 10963 | 10965 | 12696 |
| Phonetic component |
三 | 三 | 王 |
| Rime group |
侵 | 侵 | 陽 |
| Rime subdivision |
3 | 3 | 0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
三 | 三 | 黃 |
| Old Chinese |
/*suːm/ | /*suːms/ | /*ɡʷaːŋ/ |
| Notes | 禮王制鄭注冕屬， 金文象羽冠，王聲；或雲象日射輝則爲暀晃初文 | ||
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