形

See also: 彤 and 刑
形 U+5F62, 形
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F62
← 彡
[U+5F61]
CJK Unified Ideographs 彣 →
[U+5F63]

形 U+2F899, 形
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F899
← 𦇚
[U+2F898]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 彫 →
[U+2F89A]

Translingual

Stroke order
7 strokes

Han character

形 (Kangxi radical 59, 彡+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 一廿竹竹竹 (MTHHH), four-corner 12422, composition ⿰开彡)

Derived characters

References

Chinese

simp. and trad.
形
alternative forms 𢒈

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 形
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 幵 + 彡. In current form 幵 has been simplified to 开.

It may also be interpreted as a phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡeːŋ) : phonetic 井 (OC *skeŋʔ) + semantic 彡, if the original character was 𢒈.

Pronunciation



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 形
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ɕiŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xining /ɕiə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɕĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /ɕin²¹³/
Chengdu /ɕin³¹/
Guiyang /ɕin²¹/
Kunming /ɕĩ³¹/
Nanjing /ɕin²⁴/
Hefei /ɕin⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦin¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦin²¹³/
Wenzhou /jaŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /ɕiʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /xɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕin¹³/
Xiangtan /ɕin¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɕin⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hin¹¹/
Taoyuan /hin¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jeŋ²¹/
Nanning /jeŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /jiŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hiŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xeiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /heŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /heŋ³¹/

Rime
Character 形
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 戸經切
Baxter heng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦeŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦeŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɛŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦɛjŋ/
Li
Rong
/ɣeŋ/
Wang
Li
/ɣieŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣieŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xíng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jing4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 形
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xíng
Middle
Chinese
‹ heng ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɢ]ˁeŋ/
English form, shape

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 形
Reading # 1/1
No. 6862
Phonetic
component
井
Rime
group
耕
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
㓝
Old
Chinese
/*ɡeːŋ/

Definitions

形

  1. form; shape; appearance
    形狀/形状  ―  xíngzhuàng  ―  form; appearance; shape
  2. image; appearance
  3. body; entity; contour
    形體/形体  ―  xíngtǐ  ―  physique
  4. style; vogue
  5. (grammar) Short for 形容詞/形容词 (xíngróngcí, “adjective”).

Synonyms

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

形

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. shape, form, style

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
形
かた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
型

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

Probably related to 堅い / 硬い / 固い (​katai), hard.

Pronunciation

Noun

形(かた) • (kata) 

  1. [from 720] a shape
  2. [from 720] a form
  3. [from 1007] a pattern, die, or model from which copies are made
  4. [from roughly 1300s] collateral for borrowed money
  5. [from 1775] on a coin, the side with writing on it
    Antonym: 縵面 (name)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
形
がた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
型

Derived from kata above.[1] The kata changes to gata as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Found most commonly as a suffixing element in compounds.

The standalone noun sense was originally a shortening of 女形 (onnagata, literally “woman form”), a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater. This noun sense is only spelled with the 形 kanji.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) がた​ [gàtáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ɡa̠ta̠]

Noun

形(がた) or 形(がだ) • (gata or gada) 

  1. [from 1820] (kabuki, theater) Short for 女形 (onnagata)., a female role played by a male actor in kabuki theater
    Synonyms: 女形 (onnagata), お山 (oyama)

Suffix

形(がた) • (-gata) 

  1. (affixed to nouns): the shape or form of the affixed noun
    渦(うず)巻(ま)き形(がた)
    uzumakigata
    a whirlpool shape
    卵(たまご)形(がた)
    tamagogata
    an egg shape
  2. (affixed to on'yomi nouns): a typical example of the affixed noun; the type of the affixed noun
    学(がく)者(しゃ)形(がた)
    gakushagata
    a scholar type
    英(えい)雄(ゆう)形(がた)
    eiyūgata
    a hero type
Usage notes

For a shape, the spelling 形 is more commonly used. For a type, the spelling 型 is more commonly used.

Further reading

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
形
かたち
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
容
躰

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

Compound of 形 (kata, “shape, form”) +‎ ち (-chi),[3] but the derivation of the chi element is unclear.

Pronunciation

Noun

形(かたち) • (katachi) 

  1. [from 720] shape or form
  2. [from late 900s] shapeliness: see 形有り (katachiari)
  3. [from 1688] form, as opposed to substance

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
形
けい
Grade: 2
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC ɦeŋ). Compare modern Mandarin 形 (xíng). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ke̞ː]

Suffix

形(けい) • (-kei) 

  1. (linguistics) grammatical tense
    過(か)去(こ)形(けい)
    kakokei
    the past tense
    将(しょう)来(らい)形(けい)
    shōraikei
    the future tense
  2. (Japanese grammar) a conjugation form of a verb
    連(れん)用(よう)形(けい)
    ren'yōkei
    the continuative form
    命(めい)令(れい)形(けい)
    meireikei
    the imperative or command form

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
形
なり
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
態
なり

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[1]

From 成り (nari), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of the verb 成る (naru, “to become”).[1][2]

First attested as a suffix on a noun in the 曾我物語 (Soga Mongatari),[1] of uncertain dating but probably in the late 1300s. As a suffix on a verb stem, first attested from 1927.[1]

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) なり​ [nàríꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2]
  • IPA(key): [na̠ɾʲi]

Usage notes

The most common spelling for this use is なり, for all parts of speech.

Noun

形(なり) • (nari) 

  1. [from 720] the shape or form of something
  2. [from late 900s] one's clothing and appearance
  3. [from mid 1600s] one's body shape or form
  4. [from 1477] one's circumstances or situation
  5. [from 1773] one's reputation
  6. [from 1763] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (​rentaikei)) or plain perfective form of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
    人(ひと)々(びと)の言(い)うなりになった
    hitobito no iu nari ni natta
    things turned out just as people were saying
  7. [from 1915] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (​rentaikei)) of an adjective, indicates responding to the affixed adjective: compare English fitting
    寒(さむ)ければ寒(さむ)いなりの厚(あつ)着(ぎ)をする
    samukereba samui nari no atsugi o suru
    if it's cold, then put on warm clothing / if it's cold, then put on warm clothes for cold weather
  8. [from 1928] following the plain imperfective form (attributive form, 連体形 (​rentaikei)) of a verb, indicates the moment of the action occurring: compare English as soon as
    断(ことわ)りを聞(き)くなり泣(な)き出(だ)した
    kotowari o kiku nari nakidashita
    she burst into tears as soon as she heard the rejection

Suffix

形(なり) • (-nari) 

  1. following the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb, indicates the state of the affixed verb or phrase: compare English just as
    人(ひと)々(びと)が言(い)いなりになった
    hitobito ga iinari ni natta
    things turned out just as people say
  2. [from 1951] following a noun, indicates a state fitting or becoming to the affixed noun
    子(こ)供(ども)なりに想(そう)像(ぞう)する
    kodomo nari ni sōzō suru
    imagine in a way fitting for a child / imagine like a child (implies that the subject is a child)
    自(じ)分(ぶん)なりの判(はん)断(だん)
    jibun nari no handan
    my own kind of decision / deciding in my own way
  3. [from late 1300s] following a noun, indicates that shape or form: compare English like
    弓(ゆみ)なりになる
    yumi nari ni naru
    to become bow-shaped / to become like a bow

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 形 (MC ɦeŋ).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 形 (eumhun 모양 형 (moyang hyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 형 (“form; shape”).

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

形: Hán Nôm readings: hình, hềnh

  1. image
  2. a figure or a silhouette
  3. (Southern Vietnam) a photo; a picture
  4. (geometry) a shape
  5. Clipping of hình học (“geometry”).
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