根

根 U+6839, 根
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6839
← 核
[U+6838] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 栺 →
[U+683A]

Translingual
Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

根 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 木日女 (DAV), four-corner 47932, composition ⿰木艮)

References
  • KangXi: page 524, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14745
  • Dae Jaweon: page 912, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1208, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+6839

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 根

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (艮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
艱 *krɯːn
齦 *kʰrɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *ŋɯn
眼 *ŋrɯːnʔ
蛝 *ɡrɯːn
限 *ɡrɯːnʔ
硍 *ɡrɯːnʔ
豤 *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰɯːnʔ, *kʰuːn
詪 *ɡlɯːnʔ, *kɯːnʔ, *kɯːns
根 *kɯːn
跟 *kɯːn
珢 *kɯːn, *kɯːns, *ŋrɯn
艮 *kɯːns
茛 *kɯːns
墾 *kʰɯːnʔ
懇 *kʰɯːnʔ
垠 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn, *ŋɯn
泿 *ŋɯːn, *ŋrɯn
痕 *ɡɯːn
拫 *ɡɯːn
鞎 *ɡɯːn
很 *ɡɯːnʔ
恨 *ɡɯːns
銀 *ŋrɯn
檭 *ŋrɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kɯːn) : semantic 木 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).

Etymology

Possibly of Austroasiatic origin (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *(d)kər (“tree, plant”) (whence Proto-Vietic *kəl > Vietnamese cây, Muong câl), *d₂gəl ~ d₂g(əə)l (“trunk; stump”) (whence Khmer គល់ (kŭəl, “stump; floating log”), Proto-Monic *t(l)gəl (“stump”)).

Alternatively, Smith (2011) proposes a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) with redundant nominalizing suffix *-n. See 荄 for more.

Pronunciation

Note:
  • gṳ̆ng - vernacular (“root; descendant; base”);
  • gŏng - literary (“source; basis”).
Note:
  • geng1 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
  • gêng1 - Jieyang;
  • ging1 - Chaoyang.
Rime
Character 根
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 痕 (53)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古痕切
Baxter kon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kən/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kən/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kən/
Li
Rong		 /kən/
Wang
Li		 /kən/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 根
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gēn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kon ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]ˁə[r]/
English root, trunk

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 根
Reading # 1/1
No. 3920
Phonetic
component		 艮
Rime
group		 文
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 根
Old
Chinese		 /*kɯːn/

Definitions

根

  1. (botany) root (Classifier: 條／条 m)
  2. base; basis; foundation
  3. family root; ancestors
  4. descendant; offspring
  5. source; origin
  6. (figurative) penis (Classifier: 條／条 m)
  7. (Buddhism) indriya; faculty; spiritual faculty
  8. (arithmetic) root
    Synonym: 方根 (fānggēn)
  9. (mathematics) solution to an algebraic equation (Classifier: 個／个)
  10. (chemistry) radical
  11. (computing) root
    根目錄／根目录  ―  gēn mùlù  ―  root directory
    根分區／根分区  ―  gēn fēnqū  ―  root partition
  12. completely; from the source
  13. Classifier for long, slender objects, such as cigarettes, fingers, candles, ropes, and guitar strings. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier

Compounds
Derived terms from 根

References

Japanese

Kanji
根

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. root
  2. base, foundation

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
根
ね
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

根(ね) • (ne) 

  1. [from 712] a root of a plant
  2. [from 720] (by extension) the source or root of something
  3. [from 1000] the cause or basis for something
  4. [from mid-1300s] one's nature, the character one has by birth
Synonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
根
こん
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 根 (MC kən). First cited in Japanese contexts in the 法華義疏 (Hokke Gisho) dated to 615,[1] a commentary on the Buddhist Lotus Sutra that was written in Classical Chinese.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) こん [kòń] (Heiban – [0])[3][4] for the sense of "perseverance, patience"
  • IPA(key): [kõ̞ɴ]

Noun

根(こん) • (kon) 

  1. [from 615] (Buddhism) the original motive force leading to perception of something by the five senses or by thought
  2. [from 1477] genitals; more commonly, the male genitals
  3. [from 1790] perseverance, patience
    Synonym: 根気 (konki)
  4. [from 1889] (mathematics) a root, such as a square root (calque of English root)

References
  1. “根”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

根 (eumhun 뿌리 근 (ppuri geun))

  1. Hanja form? of 근 (“root; base; stump”).

Compounds

Okinawan

Kanji

根 (hiragana にー, romaji nī)

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 根 (ne).

Noun

根 (hiragana にー, romaji nī)

  1. root

Vietnamese

Han character

根: Hán Nôm readings: căn, cằn, cỗi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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