民主

Chinese

		the people; nationality; citizen	to own; to host; master to own; to host; master; lord; primary
simp. and trad. (民主)		民	主

Etymology

In Classical Chinese, 民主 meant "sovereign", as in 民之主, or "ruler of the people". This was repurposed in the mid-1860s to mean "democracy", "democratic" during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mínzhǔ

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): man⁴ zyu²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): min³ zi²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): mìn-chú
Min Dong (BUC): mìng-ciō
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): bîn-chú

(Teochew, Peng'im): ming⁵ zu²
Wu (Wiktionary): ³min-tsr

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mínzhǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mínjhǔ
  - Wade–Giles: min²-chu³
  - Yale: mín-jǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minjuu
  - Palladius: миньчжу (minʹčžu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: man⁴ zyu²
  - Yale: màhn jyú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ dzy²
  - Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ ju²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ t͡ʃyː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: min³ zi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵐbin²² t͡si⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mìn-chú
  - Hakka Romanization System: minˇ zu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: min² zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /min¹¹ t͡su³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: mìng-ciō
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^(t͡s-)ʒuo³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn-chú
  - Tâi-lô: bîn-tsú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: binzuo
  - IPA (Xiamen): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ming⁵ zu²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mîng tsú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ³min-tsr
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɪɲ²² t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: /miɪn t͡ɕɨo^X/

Rime
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	彌鄰切	之庾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/miɪn/	/t͡ɕɨo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/min/	/t͡ɕio^X/
Shao Rongfen	/mjen/	/t͡ɕio^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/min/	/cuə̆^X/
Li Rong	/miĕn/	/t͡ɕio^X/
Wang Li	/mĭĕn/	/t͡ɕĭu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯ĕn/	/t͡ɕi̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mín	zhǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man⁴	zyu²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mi[ŋ] toʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*min tjoʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mín	zhǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ mjin ›	‹ tsyu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*mi[ŋ]/	/*toʔ/
English	people	master; host
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	民	主
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9130	17618
Phonetic component	民	主
Rime group	眞	侯
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	民	主
Old Chinese	/*min/	/*tjoʔ/

Noun

民主

democracy
全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主 ― quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ ― whole-process people's democracy

普及科學與民主，根子在教育。 [MSC, trad.]
普及科学与民主，根子在教育。 [MSC, simp.]
Pǔjí kēxué yǔ mínzhǔ, gēnzi zài jiàoyù. [Pinyin]
Education is at the root of the popularization of science and democracy.
- 君主者，權偏於上；民主者，權偏於下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君主者，权偏于上；民主者，权偏于下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 鄭觀應《盛世危言·議院》 (1893)
  Jūnzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú shàng; mínzhǔ zhě, quán piān yú xià. [Pinyin]
  Monarchy skews power toward the upper class; democracy skews power toward the lower class.
- 美國終於產生了歷史上第一位黑人總統巴拉克·奧巴馬，這對於美國的民主政治具有劃時代的意義。 [MSC, trad.]
  美国终于产生了历史上第一位黑人总统巴拉克·奥巴马，这对于美国的民主政治具有划时代的意义。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 2008: 周琪 (Zhou Qi), 【美国大选观察】奥巴马为什么大胜？ ([Observations on the American Elections] Why did Obama have a great victory?)
  Měiguó zhōngyú chǎnshēng le lìshǐ shàng dì yī wèi hēirén zǒngtǒng Bālākè Àobāmǎ, zhè duìyú měiguó de mínzhǔ zhèngzhì jùyǒu huàshídài de yìyì. [Pinyin]
  The historic election of the US’s first black president, Barack Obama, marked an epoch in the history of American democracy.
(Classical Chinese) monarch
(Classical Chinese) functionary; official

Synonyms

(democracy): (obsolete) 德謨克拉西／德谟克拉西 (démókèlāxī)

Adjective

民主

democratic
民主協商／民主协商 ― mínzhǔ xiéshāng ― democratic consultation

人民民主專政／人民民主专政 ― rénmín mínzhǔ zhuānzhèng ― people's democratic dictatorship

Derived terms

Derived terms from 民主

民主人士 (mínzhǔ rénshì)
民主改革 (mínzhǔ gǎigé)
民主政治 (mínzhǔ zhèngzhì)
民主集中制 (mínzhǔ jízhōngzhì)
民主革命 (mínzhǔ gémìng)
民盟 (Mín-Méng)
泛民主派 (fànmínzhǔpài)
基層民主／基层民主 (jīcéng mínzhǔ)

民主主義／民主主义 (mínzhǔzhǔyì)
民主剛果／民主刚果 (Mínzhǔ Gāngguǒ)
民主國家／民主国家 (mínzhǔ guójiā)
民主權利／民主权利 (mínzhǔ quánlì)
民主社會主義／民主社会主义 (mínzhǔ shèhuì zhǔyì)
民主進步黨／民主进步党 (Mínzhǔ Jìnbù Dǎng)
民主黨／民主党 (mínzhǔdǎng)
民主黨派／民主党派 (Mínzhǔ Dǎngpài)

Descendants

→ Zhuang: minzcuj

Proper noun

民主

(～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
民	主
みん Grade: 4	しゅ Grade: 3
goon	kan’on

Etymology

From Sinitic 民主 (mínzhǔ). Purposed in China in the mid-1860s, giving the word a new meaning, during the translation of the book Elements of International Law into Chinese.[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) みんしゅ [míꜜǹshù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
(Tokyo) みんしゅ [mìńshú] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
IPA^(key): [mʲĩɰ̃ɕɨᵝ]

Noun

民(みん)主(しゅ) • (minshu)

democracy

Synonyms

民主主義(みんしゅしゅぎ) (minshu shugi) (more commonly used)

Derived terms

民主党(みんしゅとう) (minshutō): democratic party
民主的(みんしゅてき) (minshuteki): democratic

References

Chen, Sheng Bao (1996-12-17), “中国語の中の日本語 (Chinese Borrowings from the Japanese Language), paper presented at the Japanese Language Research Forum held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies”, in (please provide the title of the work)‎ (in Japanese), International Research Center for Japanese Studies, archived from the original on 2012-09-10: “古代漢語のことばを利用して訳したものだが、本来の意味とは違うもの。...「民主」”
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
民	主

Noun

民主 • (minju) (hangeul 민주)

Hanja form^? of 민주 (“democracy”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
民	主

Noun

民主

chữ Hán form of dân chủ (“democracy”).

Adjective

民主

chữ Hán form of dân chủ (“democratic”).

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[1] Chen, Sheng Bao (1996-12-17), “中国語の中の日本語 (Chinese Borrowings from the Japanese Language), paper presented at the Japanese Language Research Forum held by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies”, in (please provide the title of the work)‎ (in Japanese), International Research Center for Japanese Studies, archived from the original on 2012-09-10: “古代漢語のことばを利用して訳したものだが、本来の意味とは違うもの。...「民主」”

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN