人民

Chinese
man; person; people the people; nationality; citizen
simp. and trad.
(人民)		 人 民
anagram 民人

Etymology

Attestable in pre-Qin texts as a term meaning "common people". Modern sense first attested in An English and Chinese dictionary published in 1884 by W. Lobscheid.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 日 (38) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 眞 (43) 眞 (43)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 如鄰切 彌鄰切
Baxter nyin mjin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ȵiɪn/ /miɪn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ȵin/ /min/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ȵʑjen/ /mjen/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ȵin/ /min/
Li
Rong		 /ȵiĕn/ /miĕn/
Wang
Li		 /ȵʑĭĕn/ /mĭĕn/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ȵʑi̯ĕn/ /mi̯ĕn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 rén mín
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 jan4 man4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 rén mín
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nyin › ‹ mjin ›
Old
Chinese		 /*ni[ŋ]/ /*mi[ŋ]/
English (other) person people

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 人 民
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 10800 9130
Phonetic
component		 人 民
Rime
group		 眞 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 仁 民
Old
Chinese		 /*njin/ /*min/

Noun

人民

  1. people (collectively, as members of society)
    熱愛人民／热爱人民  ―  rè'ài rénmín  ―  to love the people
    人民民主專政／人民民主专政  ―  rénmín mínzhǔ zhuānzhèng  ―  people's democratic dictatorship
    全過程人民民主／全过程人民民主  ―  quán guòchéng rénmín mínzhǔ  ―  whole-process people's democracy
    人民生活步步高  ―  rénmín shēnghuó bùbùgāo  ―  the lives of the people improve step by step
    科技應為人民利益服務。 [MSC, trad.]
    科技应为人民利益服务。 [MSC, simp.]
    Kējì yīng wèi rénmín lìyì fúwù. [Pinyin]
    Science and technology should work for the good of the people.
    中國人民政治協商會議 [MSC, trad.]
    中国人民政治协商会议 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōngguó rénmín zhèngzhì xiéshāng huìyì [Pinyin]
    Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
  2. humanity; humans (as a collective); humankind; the human race

Usage notes

人民 (rénmín) can only refer to people collectively, as a unit. To refer to people as individually countable persons, use 人 (rén). To refer to people in an otherwise general sense, use 人們／人们 (rénmen).

Synonyms
  • (people):
Synonyms of 人民

Derived terms
Derived terms from 人民

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (人民):

Others:

  • → Manchu: ᠨᡳᠶ᠋ᠠᠯᠮᠠ
    ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ     (niyalma irgen) (calque)
  • → Zhuang: yinzminz

See also

Japanese
Kanji in this term
人 民
じん
Grade: 1		 みん
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese compound 人民 (MC ȵiɪn miɪn). Compare modern Mandarin 人民 (rénmín), Wu 人民 (zen min), Min Nan 人民 (jîn-bîn).

Formerly pronounced with a consistent 呉音 (goon) reading of ninmin, later changing to a mixed 漢音 (kan'on) / 呉音 (goon) reading of jinmin.[1][2]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) じんみ​ん [jìńmíꜜǹ] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
  • IPA(key): [d͡ʑĩmʲːĩɴ]

Noun

人(じん)民(みん) • (jinmin) 

  1. the people, the general public, the citizens

Synonyms

Derived terms
Derived terms

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean
Hanja in this term
人民

Noun

人民 • (inmin) (hangeul 인민)

  1. Hanja form? of 인민 (“the people (of a country), citizens”).

Vietnamese
Hán tự in this term
人民

Noun

人民

  1. chữ Hán form of nhân dân (“people”).
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